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Metal–Crucible Interactions
Published in Nagaiyar Krishnamurthy, Metal–Crucible Interactions, 2023
Henry Bessemer announced in 1856a process for the production of steel from molten pig iron (Gale 1990). Another technique, the open hearth furnace for steelmaking, came into the picture a decade later, in1865. In the Bessemer process, the removal of impurities from the iron occurs by oxidation due to air blown through the molten iron. The oxidation, being exothermic, also raises the temperature of the melt and keeps it molten. An American inventor, William Kelly, had also asserted his independent discovery of the ‘Bessemer process' back in 1851(Tylecote 1992)
Smart Factories: A Green Engineering Perspective
Published in Vikram Bali, Rajni Mohana, Ahmed A. Elngar, Sunil Kumar Chawla, Gurpreet Singh, Handbook of Sustainable Development through Green Engineering and Technology, 2022
The second industrial revolution happened around the year 1870. It was characterized by intense mechanization combined with electrification. The technological development in the industries of gas lighting, chemicals, transport, paper, and glass making played a central role during the second industrial revolution. The industry got stimulated after the invention of electricity, thus ensuring mass production and emergence of new markets. Sir Henry Bessemer invented the Bessemer process for the production of steel during the second industrial revolution. The furnace was able to convert molten iron into steel in this process. Henry Ford introduced the assembly line for the manufacture of cars in 1913. Agarwal and Agarwal (2017) concluded that a large number of banks increased in Britain during the second industrial revolution. The banking and finance sector during that time saw the emergence of clearing banks, declining of bills, and the cheques system.
Iron and steel
Published in William Bolton, R.A. Higgins, Materials for Engineers and Technicians, 2020
Until Henry Bessemer introduced his process for the mass-production of steel in 1856, all steel was made from wrought iron. Nowadays, wrought iron is no longer produced, except perhaps in small quantities for decorative purposes (though much of the ornamental ‘wrought iron’ work is in fact mild steel). The Bessemer process, too, is obsolete, and, as far as steel production in the United Kingdom is concerned, has been followed into obscurity by the open-hearth process, though the latter is still used in a few countries abroad. In Britain, the bulk of steel is made either by one of the basic oxygen processes developed since 1952 or in the electric-arc furnace.
Positive lean: merging the science of efficiency with the psychology of work
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2018
Nevertheless, the efficiency movement took another leap forward during the Second Industrial Revolution, which began in the 1850s in America. Again, technological innovations played a major role. Communication (telegraph) and transportation (railroad) innovations made mass marketing and mass transportation possible, creating the opportunity for mass production. Process innovations, including the Bessemer process for steel making, pulping processes for making paper, vulcanisation for making rubber products, and many more, facilitated mass production of basic materials. Possibly more important than any of these technological innovations was the emergence of interchangeable parts. Evolved by Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval, Honoré Blanc, Eli Whitney and many others, this concept made it possible to manufacture highly complex assembled products via a series of simple, standardised tasks.