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Variables Sampling Plans
Published in John Lawson, An Introduction to Acceptance Sampling and SPC with R, 2021
Example 1 Mitra[70] presents the following example of the use of a variables sampling plan with a lower specification limit and the standard deviation known. In the the manufacture of heavy-duty utility bags for household use, the lower specification limit on the carrying weight is 100 kg. The AQL is 0.02 or 2%, the RQL is 0.12 or 12%. The producers risk α= 0.08, and the consumers risk β= 0.10, and the standard deviation of the carrying weight is σ= 8 kg. The R Code and output below shows the sample size n= 10, and the acceptance constant k= 1.6009 for the custom derived sampling plan.
Taking Control of Logistical Packaging: Pallets, Corrugated Boxes, Stretch Wrap
Published in Norman J. Crampton, Preventing Waste at the Source, 2018
Five Ethan Allen factories package and ship upholstery—about 800 pieces per day at each site. The old method was to totally enclose each piece in a large corrugated carton. The new package is a proprietary system called LockPak. It works like this: a sofa, for example, is placed on a corrugated cardboard tray and covered by a polyethylene (PE) film composite bag. A corrugated end-cap is placed over one end. Then, the entire structure is encased in a PE shrink film bag, which is usually stapled under the tray bottom. Finally, the entire “Couch Pouch” is heat- shrunk either with hand-held heat guns or in a heat tunnel. Bags can be reused a number of times. Some retailers reuse them to wrap furniture for delivery to customers.
Ionic Chain-Reaction and Complex Coordination Polymerization (Addition Polymerization)
Published in Charles E. Carraher, Carraher's Polymer Chemistry, 2017
Most shopping bags are made from PE, PP, or paper. Today, there is a move to remove the so-called nongreen plastic bags. A brief comparison of the two is in order. In comparison to paper bags, plastic bags are lighter, stronger, lower cost, and water and chemical resistant. They cost less energy to produce (about 70%), offer less of a carbon dioxide footprint (about 50%), transport, and recycle. When disposed of improperly, plastic bags are unsightly and represent a hazard to wildlife and infants. Neither paper (because of lack of oxygen) nor plastic bags decompose in landfills. Both can be recycled. Paper is made from a renewable resource, cellulose from trees. With the move toward PLA bags, long-term disposal and degradation will become less of a problem. Thus, the answer is not apparent, but what is apparent is that we must increase our efforts to recycle and properly dispose of both plastic and paper bags.
Circular economy of shopping bags in emerging markets: A demographic comparative analysis of propensity to reuse plastic bags versus cotton bags and paper bags
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2023
Paul Mukucha, Divaries Cosmas Jaravaza, Sarah Nyengerai
Plastic shopping bags were noted to be the most popular, followed by cotton bags and lastly paper shopping bags. Most plastic bags are not biodegradable, and their reuse duration is shorter than cotton bags. It is recommended that policy makers must enact regulations or laws to compel businesses to have separate plastic waste collection points so that they can be recycled. Recycling would reduce improper disposal of plastic bags and other plastic wastes.