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Evaluating the Effectiveness of Metal Pollution Controls in a Smelter by Using Metallothionein and Other Biochemical Responses in Fish
Published in Michael C. Newman, Alan W. McIntosh, Metal Ecotoxicology, 2020
John F. Klaverkamp, Michael D. Dutton, Henry S. Majewski, Robert V. Hunt, Laurie J. Wesson
Plasma osmolality was measured by freezing point depression (Precision Osmette Model 5004). Na and Κ were measured by flame photometry (IL943) and chloride was determined coulometrically with a Corning Model 925 chloride titrator. Plasma Ca2+ concentrations were measured using a Sigma test kit (No. 586) as were plasma glucose (Sigma test kit No. 510) and protein (Sigma test kit No. P5656).
Methods and Equipment for Quality Control of Radiopharmaceuticals
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Rolf Zijlma, Danique Giesen, Yvette Kruiter, Philip H. Elsinga, Gert Luurtsema
Osmolality is defined as osmoles per liter. For instance, 1 mol NaCl gives 2 osmol. The criterium for human plasma osmolarity is about 285 mosmol/kg. To check if a radiopharmaceutical meets the criteria for osmolality, a freezing point measurement can be performed using an osmometer (Figure 6.9).
Tear osmolarity is sensitive to exercise-induced fluid loss but is not associated with common hydration measures in a field setting
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018
Justin J. Holland, Michelle Ray, Christopher Irwin, Tina L. Skinner, Michael Leveritt, Ben Desbrow
Accurate assessment of hydration within the field is required given the import role hydration plays in optimizing health and/or performance within industry (Brearley, Harrington, Lee, & Taylor, 2015; Irwin, Leveritt, & Desbrow, 2013) and sports medicine (Sawka et al., 2007) settings. Several measures of hydration currently exist, including plasma and urine osmolarity, urine specific gravity (USG), body mass loss (BML), each with their own limitations and challenges for implementation in the field setting. Plasma osmolality (Posm) is one of the most commonly used measures of hydration status given its high sensitivity to fluid shifts (Cheuvront & Kenefick, 2014). However, Posm testing is invasive, relatively expensive, requires specialist knowledge, and is therefore not easily available for use in the field (Armstrong, 2005, 2007). USG is also commonly used to measure hydration status in the field, given its portability, cost-effectiveness and ability to produce instantaneous results (Armstrong, 2007). Urine collection generates practical challenges (e.g. need for appropriate facilities) and spot urine concentrations are known to be inaccurate (Cheuvront, Kenefick, & Zambraski, 2015). Whilst practical in the field, BML as a result of sweat-induced fluid loss is unable to indicate actual hydration status and often presents challenges with accurately monitoring fluid intake and urine output in free-living situations (Maughan, Shirreffs, & Leiper, 2007). Both body mass and urine based measures raise concerns for some workers and athletes regarding privacy, the storage of bodily fluids and the burdensome need to remove protective clothing (i.e. miners and firefighters) in order to obtain an accurate reading of nude body mass (Irwin et al., 2013). There remains the need for a hydration assessment technique that can accurately indicate changes in hydration status without the need to remove clothing or provide invasive biological specimens.