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Nanomaterials-Based Wearable Biosensors for Healthcare
Published in Sibel A. Ozkan, Bengi Uslu, Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk, Biosensors, 2023
Jose Marrugo-Ramírez, L. Karadurmus, Miguel Angel Aroca, Emily P. Nguyen, Cecilia de Carvalho Castro e Silva, Giulio Rosati, Johann F. Osma, Sibel A. Ozkan, Arben Merkoçi
Hyponatremia: Wearable sensors can be used to record, monitor and prevent the onset of conditions such as dehydration and hyponatremia. These are often caused by under or overhydration and can lead to serious, even fatal health complications. Hyponatremia is the most common fluid electrolyte disorder in clinical practice and serum sodium concentration is lower than 130 mEq/L. It mostly shows an asymptomatic clinical course. Acute and severe hyponatremia is an important cause of morbidity and mortality (17–20).
Inorganic Chemicals in Drinking Water
Published in Joseph Cotruvo, Drinking Water Quality and Contaminants Guidebook, 2019
Inadequate sodium intake or excessive losses from perspiration without replacement can result in hyponatremia, which can be fatal. The NRC recommends that most healthy adults consume at least 500 mg/day, but not more than 2,400 mg/day. That level is usually exceeded in the typical American diet.
Sweat Rate Wearable Sensors
Published in Krzysztof Iniewski, Biological and Medical Sensor Technologies, 2017
While there are athletes who can tolerate fluid losses of 4%–5% of body mass [12], in some subjects even a 2% loss of fluid can cause a dysfunction of thermoregulation leading to a significant alteration in physical performance. The critical point is reached when the fluid deficit approaches 7% of the total amount [13], while a 10% loss can lead to heatstroke. There are not only volume losses, but also losses of electrolytes, primarily sodium, chloride, and potassium. Low electrolyte levels can cause gastrointestinal discomfort, headache, cramps, nausea, dizziness, and tachycardia. Reduced mental functions are observed in some cases. When the sodium concentration is low in blood, hyponatremia can occur. This abnormal condition, which is potentially life threatening, can be classified into three categories. In hypovolemic hyponatremia, the total body water (TBW) and sodium levels are both low due to different causes such as vomiting, diarrhea, renal losses, or insufficient rehydration during exercises. Hypervolemic hyponatremia is related to an excess of TBW, whose effect is a dilution of the sodium concentration. Possible reasons are heart failure, kidney dysfunction, or an excessive rehydration. In presence of drugs, adrenal insufficiency, emotional stress, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion, the euvolemic hyponatremia appears with an increment in TBW, whereas the sodium content is near normal.
Body mass changes during training in elite rugby union: Is a single test of hydration indices reliable?
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2018
Katherine Elizabeth Black, Alistair David Black, Dane Baker, Kirsty Fairbairn
Exercising results in the loss of water and electrolytes from the body. Performance impairments due to hypohydration (the uncompensated loss of fluid balance) before exercise or dehydration (which is the process of losing body water) during exercise have been documented (Aldridge, Baker, & Davies, 2005; Hellemans, King, Rehrer, & Stening, 2008; Montain & Coyle, 1992a; Nielsen et al., 1982). In controlled laboratory studies body mass (BM) losses greater than 2% of initial BM can reduce performance (Aldridge et al., 2005; Montain & Coyle, 1992b) and thermoregulatory responses (Kenefick & Cheuvront, 2016), potentially impact blood–brain barrier permeability (Watson, Black, Clark, & Maughan, 2006) and indirectly increase glycogen utilisation (Fernandez-Elias, Hamouti, Ortega, & Mora-Rodriguez, 2015). Conversely increasing BM during exercise, due to overdrinking, can also have negative effects on performance and health. Including the dilution of plasma sodium concentrations which can result in hyponatremia whose symptoms include headache, oedema, loss of consciousness and ultimately death (Hew-Butler, Loi, Pani, & Rosner, 2017).
Sex difference in long-distance open-water swimming races – does nationality play a role?
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2018
Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, Caio V. de Sousa, Beat Knechtle
Swimming speed was the fastest in the shortest distance and the slowest in the longest distance. Obviously, although athletes can draft in these races, they are not able to maintain the 5km swimming speed over the distance of 25km. A problem in these 25km races with duration of ~5 hours is the race nutrition strategy (Shaw, Koivisto, Gerrard, & Burke, 2014). The aspect of fluid replacement must also be considered. During long-distance swimming, athletes might swallow more water than planned which might considerably increase the risk of exercise-associated hyponatremia (Wagner et al., 2012) which could lead to mental confusion, weakness, fainting and decreased performance (Noakes et al., 1990; Ortega Porcel, Ruiz Ruiz, Castillo Garzón, & Gutiérrez Sainz, 2004).
Technical textiles for military applications
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2020
R. G Revaiah, T. M. Kotresh, Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
Heat Cramps: Heat cramp is second stage of heat illness that results due to the low salt levels in the muscle due to profuse sweating. During excessive sweating, as mentioned earlier, body can lose up to 0.5% precious salt. Overconsumption of water without supplemental salt for period greater than 4 h results in ‘hyponatremia’ (a condition in which serum sodium level is less than 130 mmol/g) (Howe & Boden, 2007), which in severe case may warrant hospitalization. Heat cramps symptoms are spasms or muscle pain in the abdomen, arms or the legs. A typical remedial measure is to abstain from physically taxing work, drinking salt supplemented juice/sports drink (Schleh & Dumke, 2018) and resting in a cool place.