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Monitoring Disease Activity in Multiple Sclerosis
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
The PASAT-3 is a cognitive screening tool to estimate informational processing speed and attention.28 The numbers 1 to 9 are presented in random order, every 3 seconds, to a subject by audiotape. The subject is told to add pairs of numbers. With each new number presented, the first number is omitted and the new number added to the second number. For example, if the numbers 3, 7, 9 and 4 are presented, the patient adds 3 + 7 = 10, then 7 + 9 = 16 and then 9 + 4, etc. The test requires 15 to 20 minutes to perform, including practice trials. Scoring is based on number correct, number of incorrect, and no responses. Comparison of the odd numbered items to the even (split-half reliability) is necessary to assess reliability because there is a significant practice effect.29 Reliability of the PASAT is high (r= 0.96). The PASAT is useful in detecting mild cognitive impairment.30 The test can be frustrating for normal controls and thus often distressing for those with mild impairment.
Effect of RehaCom cognitive rehabilitation software on working memory and processing speed in chronic ischemic stroke patients
Published in Assistive Technology, 2023
Sanaz Amiri, Peyman Hassani-Abharian, Salar Vaseghi, Rouzbeh Kazemi, Mohammad Nasehi
The PASAT is an assessment designed to measure capacity and rate of information processing and sustained and divided attention. The PASAT is presented in a tape or audio disc to control the rate of the assessment. The values (numbers 1 to 9) are given separately at 1.6 seconds or every 2.8 seconds to compare the response rate of participants. The participant should sum each new number with the next number which appears immediately. For example, if the person hears two digits 6 and 3, 9 should be said (6 + 3 = 9), and if the next digit is 7, 10 should be said (7 + 3 = 10) (Nikravesh et al., 2017). In this test, 61 numbers are presented (60 responses). In most cases, the first 10 responses are described as a warm-up. The result of the test is calculated based on the percentage of the correct answers (Tombaugh, 2006; Yazdi-Ravandi et al., 2018). The validity and psychometric properties of this test were evaluated in previous research (Nikravesh et al., 2017).
Comparison of the effect of typical firefighting activities, live fire drills and rescue operations at height on firefighters’ physiological responses and cognitive function
Published in Ergonomics, 2018
Sajad Zare, Rasoul Hemmatjo, Teimour Allahyari, Mohammad Hajaghazadeh, Abdollah Hajivandi, Mandana Aghabeigi, Reza Kazemi
The paced auditory serial addition test (PASAT) aimed at measuring the capacity of information processing and working memory (Fos et al. 2000; Mathias, Stanford, and Houston 2004; Tombaugh 2006). In this test, the participants were seated in a 38–60 cm distance from the computer monitor, with the centre of the monitor being 2–5 cm under eye level. They were then asked to listen to 61 single digit numbers (varying from 1 to 9), with a break of 3 second between every two numbers. They should afterward calculate the summation of the last two numbers they had heard from the headphone and loudly declare the result in the microphone. The subjects should say the answer before the following digit was presented to them; otherwise, it would not be considered as a valid response. For example, if 3 and 7 were presented consecutively, the subjects should loudly say 10, which was the correct response (Figure 2). The computer screen was blank when the participants were taking the trial. The highest score that the subjects could obtain (based on the number of correct answers) was 60. It took three minutes for the subjects to finish the test.
Cardiorespiratory fitness, sleep, and physiological responses to stress in women
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2020
Shannon K. Crowley, Julia Rebellon, Christina Huber, Abigail J. Leonard, Daniel Henderson, Meir Magal
As illustrated in Figure 1, our TSST laboratory protocol consisted of the following events in fixed order: (a) BP instrumentation; (b) baseline rest period (15 min); (c) speech preparation (2 min) consisting of silent preparation of speech; (d) a public speaking task (5 min) where the participant was asked to persuade the evaluator that they should not be laid off from their job (or a hypothetical job); (e) a 9 min math stressor task [the paced auditory serial addition task (PASAT)]; where participants were asked to listen to an audio recording with numbers from 1 to 9 and to add each number presented to the immediately preceding number, stating the answer aloud. The PASAT is comprised of four series of progressively shorter inter-digit intervals (Tombaugh, 2006) and has been widely used as a component of the TSST (Tombaugh, 2006); and (f) post-stress recovery (40 min). During the baseline rest period, the participant rested alone quietly in a comfortable chair. Cardiovascular measures (HR, BP) were collected during the laboratory stress testing paradigm using automated equipment [Omron 907XL BP monitor (Omron Health Care, Inc.)] at the following intervals: (1) every two minutes during the last 10-min of the baseline rest period (which constituted the pre-stress baseline comparison measures); (2) at the beginning of the speech preparation period; (3) at the beginning and at minutes two and four of the speech task; (4) at the beginning and at every two minutes of the PASAT task; (5) every five minutes of the first 20 min of the post-stress recovery period. These measures were then averaged to obtain mean cardiovascular measures for each task. During the stress-testing protocol, a curtain shielded the automated BP equipment and research team member from the participant’s view. Saliva samples were collected using a passive drool technique (Granger et al., 2007) at the following intervals: (1) end of baseline rest period (min 15) and again 26, 36, 46, and 56 min after the commencement of the stressor. Saliva for cortisol, PROG, and E2 was collected into cryovial tubes, and kept on ice during the stress testing protocol, then stored at −80°C until assayed. Saliva samples were shipped to Salimetrics, Carlsbad, CA, USA where salivary cortisol, PROG, and E2 concentrations were determined by high sensitivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cortisol samples were tested in duplicate. The cortisol assay has a lower limit sensitivity of 0.007 ug/dL, the intra-assay coefficient of variability (CV) for the cortisol assay was 6.2%, and the inter-assay CV was 8.6%. Due to sample volume limitations, PROG and E2 samples were tested in singlicate. The E2 assay has a lower limit sensitivity of 0.1 pg/mL, an average intra-assay CV of 7.13%, and an average inter-assay CV of 7.45%. The PROG assay has a lower limit sensitivity of 5.0 pg/mL, an average intra-assay CV of 6.120%, and an average inter-assay CV of 7.55%.