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Challenges of energy production in the agricultural sector
Published in Walter Amedzro St-Hilaire, Agribusiness Economics, 2022
International Energy Agency data use the million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe), which is a multiple of the tonne of oil equivalent (toe), as oil is the most widely used energy source in the world. While the official unit of measurement for energy is the joule, energy sources often have a preferred unit of measurement: for example, oil and tonne of oil equivalent (toe), natural gas and cubic metre, coal and tonne of coal equivalent (tce), or electricity and kilowatt-hour (kWh). To aggregate or compare them, the basic units joule and toe or sometimes kWh are used, as all primary energy is quite often converted into electricity. As a reminder, the conversion between these units of measurement is carried out as follows: 1 kWh = 3.6 × 106 J; 1 toe = 4.186 × 1010 J; 1 toe = 11,630 kWh; 1 kWh = 8.5985 × 10−5 toe. In 2018, developed countries consumed an average of nearly 249 Mtoe of primary energy, of which 12% was renewable energy (compared with 6% in 2006 and 11% in 2016).
Biomass as a Source for Heat, Power and Chemicals
Published in Subhas K. Sikdar, Frank Princiotta, Advances in Carbon Management Technologies, 2021
For the production, storage and transportation of biofuels, large quantities of inputs would be required (in addition to land and water) whose production and transport also would demand quantities of energy. It takes energy to plant, produce fertilizers or pesticides, harvest, transport and process the grains or plants to their final biofuel form. For example, the average production cost for ethanol today is $1.22 per gallon, which translates to $51.24 per barrel. Now, on an energy basis—given that ethanol has 67% of the energy content of a barrel of oil, that translates to $76.86 on a barrel-of-oil-equivalent basis (Lane, 2017).
Introductory Concepts
Published in Dimitris Al. Katsaprakakis, Power Plant Synthesis, 2020
Two additional energy units often used are: Βtu (British thermal units): A traditional energy unit of the British Imperial System, equal to 1,054.35 Joule. It is defined as the amount of thermal energy required to increase the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1°F.Toe (Tonne of Oil Equivalent): The amount of energy released by burning 1 ton of crude oil. 1 toe equals to 41.86·109 Joule.
Developments of energy in EU–unlocking the wave energy potential
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 2019
Considerations of emissions reduction taken into account include two types of fossil fuel, oil and natural gas (NG), with respective emissions corresponding to information provided by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, 2016). The tonnes of oil equivalent (toe) is a widely accepted quantity used to assess the quantity of energy (or content) of energy within a tonne of oil, estimations within the study are based on the equivalence of 1 toe = 11.63 MWh as suggested by the International Energy Agency (IEA, 2016).