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Fuel and Biofuels
Published in Pau Loke Show, Kit Wayne Chew, Tau Chuan Ling, The Prospect of Industry 5.0 in Biomanufacturing, 2021
Mei Yin Ong, Saifuddin Nomanbhay, Kuan Shiong Khoo, Pau Loke Show
Furthermore, other than categorizing the fuels based on their properties, fuels can also be grouped into two, depend on the way they occur: (i) primary fuel and (ii) secondary fuel. Primary fuel describes the fuel that occurred in nature while secondary fuel refers to the derivatives of the primary fuel. Table 3.3.1 indicates the examples of different fuels, while Table 3.3.2 shows the calorific value of different fuels. Calorific value describes the energy stored in a fuel, which is commonly determined by measuring the total energy released as heat through complete combustion. The conventional fossil fuel, including petroleum, coal and natural gas, consists of higher calorific value and mature processing technology in comparison to renewable fuel source. Hence, fossil fuel contributes to the largest portion of energy supply nowadays in most of the countries. Nevertheless, fossil fuel is non-renewable energy source, and the extensive usage of fossil fuel has risen the fossil fuel depletion issue. Moreover, burning of fossil fuel also lead to environmental pollution, such as global warming, climate change and others, as mentioned previously. Therefore, the current trend has moved towards the development of renewable fuel, which is also known as biofuel and will be discussed in the Section 3.3.3.
Life Cycle Analysis of Anaerobic Digestion of Wastewater Treatment Plants
Published in Mu Naushad, Life Cycle Assessment of Wastewater Treatment, 2018
Rosalía Rodríguez, Juan José Espada, Raúl Molina, Daniel Puyol
The energy balance of the AD process has been recursively calculated to be positive. This essentially means that the transformation of low-value waste into bioenergy as biogas is always energetically and economically favorable. Methane has a calorific value around 50–55 MJ kg−1, which is the second highest among the common fuels, lower only than hydrogen. This turns AD into a highly attractive process even from an economic perspective. By analogy, the application of AD for wastewater treatment with organic contamination should be energetically positive as well. As an example, a single-stage AD was used for treating beer factory wastewater, achieving an energetic potential of 90 KJ L−1 of wastewater treated with a methane production of 2.5 L CH4 L−1 and a mass balance of 86% of chemical oxygen demand converted into methane (Nishio and Nakashimada, 2007). In this way, wastewater (which has essentially no value as per the existing perspective) is fully treated to discharge limits, and energy is produced during the process. The concept of positive energy in wastewater treatment, considered as non-credible just a while ago, has become fully possible by basing the treatment on AD (Batstone and Virdis, 2014). But other emerging applications of AD have been proposed recently to completely envelope AD into the global circular economy, as is the case with the potential resource recovery from wastewater.
Off-Spec Natural Gas
Published in Mavis Sika Okyere, Mitigation of Gas Pipeline Integrity Problems, 2020
The most important property a fuel gas possesses is the energy liberated when it is burned. This may be expressed as the heats of formation of its combustion products on a molar basis. In the fuel industry, however, this property is much more commonly expressed as the calorific value (CV), which is the quantity of heat released by complete combustion under isothermal conditions at a constant pressure of one atmosphere and at a specified reference temperature of a unit quantity of the fuel, the water formed during the combustion being in the liquid state, any sulfur in the fuel being converted to sulfur dioxide, and any nitrogen remaining as such. Calorific value is also known as heating value.
Investigation on the performance, emission and combustion pattern of research diesel engine fueled with higher alcohol and pongamia biodiesel blends
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Devaraj Rangabashiam, Jayaprakash V, Ganesan S, Christopher D
The variation in heat release rate for the O10PBD90, PBD, O20PBD20, and diesel is shown in Figure 9. Diesel exhibit highest heat release rate among test fuels. The possible reason for the higher heat release rate for diesel is due to its higher calorific value. Fuel with higher calorific value produces more quantity of heat during combustion (Radhakrishnan, 2017). By adding 10 and 20 vol% of octanol to PBD observe a considerable increase in heat release rate. This is due to improved combustion, reduced delay period and higher heat release rate (Kim and Choi, 2010). Further, the HRR rises for PBD with an increase in the content of octanol. This is due to lower viscosity of octanol in PBD, which in turn increases the air and fuel mixing, accelerates the combustion, and releases the maximum HRR. This result matches to the many kinds of literature (Rajesh et al. 2016; Saravanan et al. 2017; Harmiwati and Rahmad, 2015) that reported similar HRR variation of diesel engine powered by biodiesel, diesel, and alcohol mixture (Giakoumis et al., 2012).
Analyzing the impact of adding aluminum oxide and cerium oxide nanoparticles to waste cooking biodiesel on engine performance, combustion and emissions characteristics
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2022
Suraj Bhan, Raghvendra Gautam, Pushpendra Singh
Nanoparticles in biodiesel have high surface-to-volume ratios which contribute to excellent atomization, swirl ratio, and fuel scattering patterns. These factors are attributed to a rapid acceleration in heat transfer. Due to heat transfer acceleration, fuel begins to vaporize earlier, which subsequently results in a shorter ignition delay, contributing to higher temperatures and pressures in the cylinders. Therefore, during a power stroke, the full chemical energy of the fuel is converted into mechanical energy, resulting in significant improvements in BTE (Fayad, M. A., and H. A. Dhahad. 2021). Besides it, nanoparticles in addition to biofuel exhibit a higher calorific value of the fuel. Fuels with a higher calorific value produce more power for the same quantity of fuel. It may be that B20 has the lowest BTE and B20 + 50 Al2O3 has the highest BTE for this reason.
Techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production over lipid extracted algae derived catalyst
Published in Biofuels, 2022
Sherif Ishola Mustapha, Faizal Bux, Yusuf Makarfi Isa
The properties of the biodiesel produced using the LEA derived catalysts were compared with international standard specifications set by America and Europe (shown in Table 3). The cetane number of the biodiesel produced from the lipid extracted algae derived catalyst was in the range of 58.66–59.51, which is higher than the specified standards. Higher cetane number is an indication of biodiesel fuel with high combustion efficiency [40]. The calorific value is a measure of the energy content of the fuel as higher calorific value indicates higher power generation. The calorific value of the microalgae produced biodiesel using the LEA derived catalysts was in the range of 40.75–42.25 MJkg−1 which is close to the calorific value (44.8 MJkg−1) of petroleum diesel [41]. The acid values obtained (0.40–0.45 KOH g−1) fall within the ASTM (0.8) and EN (0.5) standards. Also, linolenic acid methyl ester (C18:3) concentration range of 0.98–5.10% was found in the microalgae biodiesel using the synthesized catalysts. The values fall within the desirable limit of below 12% specified by EN 14214. Studies have shown that higher amounts of the linolenic acid methyl ester (C18:3) in biodiesel fuel over a prolong storage could affect its oxidative stability [37]. Most of the properties from the microalgae biodiesel produced using the synthesized LEA derived catalysts were within the American standards and European standards.