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Introduction to Optical, Infrared, and Terahertz Frequency Bands
Published in Song Sun, Wei Tan, Su-Huai Wei, Emergent Micro- and Nanomaterials for Optical, Infrared, and Terahertz Applications, 2023
Song Sun, Wei Tan, Su-Huai Wei
Night vision. IR radiation is heavily used in night vision equipment where the visible light is insufficient, increasing in-the-dark visibility. Night vision devices operate through a process involving the conversion of infrared light into electrons that are then amplified by a chemical and electrical process and then converted back into visible light.
Technology for sensory impairments (vision and hearing)
Published in Alex Mihailidis, Roger Smith, Rehabilitation Engineering, 2023
J. A. Brabyn, H. Levitt, J.A. Miele
Diseases such as age-related maculopathy and retinitis pigmentosa produce poorer performance in reduced light, making travel at night difficult. Night vision telescopes or goggles, derived from defense technology, are available, although expensive. A bright handheld or head-mounted flashlight can also be an effective mobility aid.
Smart Paints
Published in Asit Baran Samui, Smart Polymers, 2022
Asit Baran Samui, Sushil S. Pawar
Three types of night vision detection systems are used: (1) amplification of visible light from an object in a low lighting environment; (2) a reflection of IR emitted from the device is detected; and (3) the thermal IR (heat) emitted from the object is detected by the device. To suppress these signatures to avoid detection, several strategies have been adopted. Detection in the visible range, the near IR to low IR range, can be avoided by designing materials with high absorption and low reflection. Mid-IR camouflage is achieved by way of maximum absorption, minimum mid-IR reflections, and matching the optical emission of the surroundings in the mid-IR range. Visual camouflage plays an important role in military targeting. Normally, geometric-shaped camouflage patterns are used for tactical military equipment and clothing, which are able to hide their identification features, such as shape, shadow, highlights, and various types of lines that distinguish artificial objects from the natural environment. As this is a combination of art and science, the functioning of camouflage paint over a range of backgrounds needs help from appropriate computer techniques. The concealment of military objects, such as a building, is done by using camouflage painting, which blends the visual features of a building with the surroundings, and the camouflage can be done so effectively that it is hard to detect the building from the air.
Low-light-level image enhancement based on fusion and Retinex
Published in Journal of Modern Optics, 2020
Wenbo Shao, Lei Liu, Jiawei Jiang, Yifan Yan
Humans can get information from many sources; the human visual is the widest and most important source of them. Due to the characteristics of human eyes, it is impossible to observe and obtain information in a low illumination environment. With the development of night vision technology, which can help human observe in poor light conditions, the scope of human vision has been greatly expanded. However, under low illumination, the image can only be converted into a grey image, and even cannot capture a scene. The contrast and details of the image obtained under low illumination conditions are not very good. Image enhancement is useful and necessary in this situation. Through image enhancement, the details of the image can be enhanced and the contrast can be improved to make the image visible to human eyes. In addition, as a pre-processing operation of image processing technology, it is necessary to study the image enhancement.
Bibliometric analysis of simulated driving research from 1997 to 2016
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2019
Fu Guo, Wei Lv, Li Liu, Tianbo Wang, Vincent G. Duffy
From Figure 3, it can be seen that early studies around 1995 formed 4 major clusters: #3 simulated driving performance, #4 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, #12 vision enhancement, and #13 stress. Early studies related to simulated driving were relatively scattered and there were few co-citation relationships among clusters due to the imperfection of interdisciplinary theories and knowledge diffusion technology. Despite the weak correlation, these early clusters performed in-depth investigation in their respective domains and some of them contributed to subsequent research content. According to the documents in each cluster, we can conclude that in the early stage, researchers focused on simulated driving performance to investigate factors that induced automobile accidents. At the same time, physiological and pathological characteristics of drivers while driving attracted much attention, such as task-induced stress and fatigue. It is noteworthy that studies on drivers with metabolic and neurological disorders, such as diabetes mellitus and dementia, began to appear in this stage and continued to be a concern in the next decade. Technically, a vision enhancement system (#10) based on infrared imaging was integrated into vehicles to enable drivers to see clearly under poor illumination such as night and foggy driving. Not surprising, the emergence and application of assistive technology attracted academic attention on drivers’ visual patterns and driving behaviors.