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Physical Security of Substations
Published in John D. McDonald, Electric Power Substations Engineering, 2017
John Oglevie, W. Bruce Dietzman, Cale Smith
The exterior and interior of the substation may be designed with dusk-to-dawn lighting. A typical minimum lighting level of approximately 20 lx (2 fc) is suggested. However, it is recommended that the use of sodium vapor lighting be avoided if the lighting is intended to assist with the identification of intruders or if lighting is intended to be used in conjunction with video surveillance equipment. This type of lighting produces a yellow or orange cast, which will interfere with attempts to identify the person, his clothing, and the description of the person’s vehicle.
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Published in Barney L. Capehart, William J. Kennedy, Wayne C. Turner, Guide to Energy Management, 2020
Barney L. Capehart, William J. Kennedy, Wayne C. Turner
Other types of switches control lighting fixture operation on the basis of lighting levels, time, motion, or infrared radiation. Exterior lighting should be controlled by a light-sensitive switch. Photocells operate the lighting between dusk and dawn. They are available in various sensitivities. It is best to use photocells which turn the fixture on when they fail; this provides a good signal that replacement is necessary. The fail-off type can remain undetected and leave a facility without security lights.
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Published in Barney L. Capehart, Wayne C. Turner, William J. Kennedy, Guide to Energy Management, 2020
Barney L. Capehart, Wayne C. Turner, William J. Kennedy
Other types of switches control lighting fixture operation on the basis of lighting levels, time, motion, or infrared radiation. Exterior lighting should be controlled by a light-sensitive switch. Photocells operate the lighting between dusk and dawn. They are available in various sensitivities. It is best to use photocells which turn the fixture on when they fail; this provides a good signal that replacement is necessary. The fail-off type can remain undetected and leave a facility without security lights.
Pedestrian safety at urban intersections: lighting conditions is the question
Published in International Journal of Crashworthiness, 2022
Ali Karami, Hossein Karami, Amir Reza Mamdoohi, Mahdieh Allahviranloo
This research employs five years of crash data (the year 2015 to the year 2019) collected in the state of Texas to identify the influence of various parameters on pedestrian-injury severity in various lighting conditions. The effects of lighting conditions are investigated based on data provided by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). According to data provided by NOAA, the lighting conditions are classified as sunrise, dawn, sunset, and dusk times, which is available for the 365 days of the year in different locations in the United States. For instance, the twilight condition is the period between (astronomical) dawn and sunrise, or between sunset and (astronomical) dusk when the geometric centre of the sun is 6 degrees below the horizon [41]. The daylight condition refers to the period from sunrise to sunset (Figure 1).
Cloudy with a Chance of Sunbeams
Published in LEUKOS, 2018
Temporally, some aspects of daylight’s annual and daily cycles are predictable. Annually, the earth makes one orbit around the sun. Because the earth is tilted on its axis with respect to its path around the sun, the density of solar radiation varies with time of year and position on the globe, as does the apparent position of sunset and sunrise, the position of the sun in the sky at different clock times, and the number of daylight hours. Daily, the earth makes one rotation around its axis, which we experience as dawn, daytime, dusk, and nighttime. These predictable rhythms are emotionally grounding—they connect us to the spirit of a place. An analemma is one way of illustrating the sun’s predictable annual variation; Figure 1 illustrates positions of the sun in the sky above Austin, TX throughout the year at a clock time of 9 AM.