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Solar Insolation
Published in Dorothy Gerring, Renewable Energy Systems for Building Designers, 2023
We use latitude (imaginary lines circumventing the globe east–west) and longitude (imaginary lines circumventing the globe north–south) to locate places on the earth. The equator is the 0° latitude line with the northern hemisphere to the north and the southern hemisphere to the south. The sun appears to be in the southern sky in the northern hemisphere and the northern sky in the southern hemisphere.
Wind and Airflow
Published in James Jones, Demetri Telionis, Aeroform, 2023
The second wind-generating force is Earth’s rotation. At the equator, due to Earth’s rotation, Earth’s surface moves at just over 1,000 mph, and this speed decreases proportionally to the cosine of the latitude (the angle from the equator to the latitude as measured from the center of Earth). This rotational velocity sets the atmospheric layer into movement as well. Due to this rotation and drag, near the ground at low latitudes, the easterly trade winds are present while the surface winds at higher latitudes are characterized by the prevailing westerlies. In the upper troposphere at almost all latitudes, the predominant direction of the winds is westerly.
The Earth and Its Coordinate System
Published in Terry A. Slocum, Robert B. McMaster, Fritz C. Kessler, Hugh H. Howard, Thematic Cartography and Geovisualization, 2022
Terry A. Slocum, Robert B. McMaster, Fritz C. Kessler, Hugh H. Howard
In this chapter, we have examined the basic concepts behind Earth's size and shape and its geographic coordinate system. We learned that the graticule serves as the framework for the imaginary network of latitude and longitude lines, allowing any point location on Earth's surface to be uniquely identified. The Equator serves as the dividing line for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and references all latitude locations north or south of that line. On the other hand, the Prime Meridian divides Earth into Eastern and Western Hemispheres and is the reference line for all longitude locations east or west of that line. Although the graticule is important for referencing spatial activity that takes place on Earth's surface, a more important concept, especially with regard to mapmaking, is the changes to the graticule's appearance that occur as a result of map projection, a topic addressed in Chapters 9 and 10.
A study of solar heat gain variation in building applied photovoltaic buildings and its impact on environment and indoor air quality
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Selvakumar Pandiaraj, Abubakkar Abdul Jaffar, Suresh Muthusamy, Hitesh Panchal, Santhiya Pandiyan
Certain studies have also compared reduction of cooling load by different types of photovoltaics (Baenas and Machado 2017). Inclined PV cells with elevation provide better insulation than PV cells at ground level due to the heat removal by natural convection in the summer season (Wang et al. 2006; Yang et al. 2001). The annual cooling load of a building varies with geographic position. Places near the equator experience more heat throughout the year compared to the places away from the equator. The modeling of energy consumption pattern needs high-quality skill and experience (Kapsalis and Karamanis 2015). Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) includes air temperature (Antoniadou and Papadopoulos 2017; Kuznik, Virgone, and Johannes 2011), air velocity (Asdrubali et al. 2013; Karava et al. 2012), relative humidity (Liang, Lin, and Hwang 2012) and CO2 level (Indraganti, Ooka, and Rijal 2015, 2013). In this work relative humidity and CO2 levels are considered as key factors for assessing indoor air quality. Many researchers have used building energy simulation software for retrofitting (Bahadori-Jahromi et al. 2018) in existing buildings. Attia et al. (Attia et al. 2013) has used a significant tool in assessing the gaps during the optimization of building performance. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were used to study the effect of air shaft (Kwok et al. 2022) on IAQ of commercial buildings. Passive ventilation techniques like wind catchers (Nejat et al. 2020) were used as cooling strategy and also to improve the indoor environmental quality. IAQ plays a major role in classrooms as it directly influences students’ mental health and learning outcomes (Chen et al. 2022). IAQ studies on buildings purely dependent on sensors (Wu et al. 2022) used for data collection and it is important that sufficient data has been collected for analysis. In office buildings, indoor air pollutants (Cheng et al. 2022) affect the health of staff leading to drop in productivity. New air purification systems are being developed for improving IAQ (Swamy 2021) by decreasing CO2 level. Humidity is considered as one of the key parameters in the assessment of thermal comfort in office buildings (Bensafi et al. 2021). Renewable energy techniques are becoming popular in enhancing the thermal comfort of work places, schools, and hospitals (Sakhri et al. 2022). Thermal comfort can be achieved using air-conditioning system by maintaining proper relative humidity in the living space but at the expense of energy cost (Sakhri et al. 2021).