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The Earth and Its Coordinate System
Published in Terry A. Slocum, Robert B. McMaster, Fritz C. Kessler, Hugh H. Howard, Thematic Cartography and Geovisualization, 2022
Terry A. Slocum, Robert B. McMaster, Fritz C. Kessler, Hugh H. Howard
Describing a point on Earth's surface requires that a location's latitude and longitude be known with respect to an origin. In the case of latitude, the Equator serves as a convenient origin because it divides Earth into two equal halves. Figure 7.2A illustrates lines of latitude, shown as thin red lines, with the Equator represented by the thicker red line. Because lines of latitude are parallel to each other, they are often called parallels. Latitude values are reported in angular measurements of degrees, minutes, and seconds. Similar in concept to units of time, this sexagesimal system has a base unit of 60 (the decimal system's base unit is 10), where each degree is divided into 60 minutes and each minute is divided again into 60 seconds. In this system, the ° symbol denotes the number of degrees, a single quote (′) indicates minutes, and double quotes (″) specify the number of seconds. There are 90° of latitude north and south of the Equator (designated as 0°) for a total of 180° from pole to pole. It is customary to apply the terms North and South to designate latitude locations above or below the Equator. In some cases, plus (+) and minus (–) signs are attached as a prefix to the degree values, indicating latitude locations above and below the Equator, respectively. Thus, the latitude of the Washington Monument can be specified as 38° 53′ 22″ N or +38° 53′ 22″.
Solar Activity as a Danger to Ground-based Technological Systems
Published in Olga Sokolova, Nikolay Korovkin, Masashi Hayakawa, Geomagnetic Disturbances Impacts on Power Systems, 2021
Olga Sokolova, Nikolay Korovkin, Masashi Hayakawa
Observation results for St. Patrick's Day storm on March 17–18, 2015 showed the same pattern [99]. The character of magnetic field variations is latitude dependent. The magnetic field variations in the high-latitude were observed 10 hours after SSC and they were the largest in their nature compared to those in the lower latitudes. Magnetic field variations at the mid-latitude occurred at the moment of the storm's commencement predominantly on the dayside. Pattern of magnetic field variations at the equatorial latitudes was the mixture of two above, i.e. the variations were observed both at the moment of the storm's commencement and 10 hours later.
Restoration and Conservation Strategies of Historical Monuments
Published in M.H. Fulekar, Bhawana Pathak, Bioremediation Technology, 2020
Chandrahas N. Khobragade, Madhushree M. Routh, Suchita C. Warangkar
The parts of world that reside between the Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N) and the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° S) are called humid tropics (Kumar and Kumar, 1999). More than one-third of the earth's total surface is covered within this zone that is the most extensive climatic area of earth. Latitude is the major deciding factor that affects the climatic condition of a particular area by controlling the amount of solar radiation. Humid tropics receive a large amount of solar radiation throughout the year. This wet or humid tropical climate is widespread in numerous islands and coastal Southeast Asia (Mink, 1983).
Space temperature policy towards net-zero: recommendations from a systematic review of UK HEI heating policies
Published in Building Research & Information, 2023
Kathy New, Adam Tyler, Adrian Friday, Mike Hazas, Alexandra Gormally
Higher latitudes experience lower average outdoor temperatures and daylight hours due to the lower angle of incidence of solar radiation. Thus the researchers expected to find that heating seasons started earlier and finished later the further North (higher latitude), i.e. a negative correlation for heating season start and positive correlation for heating season end dates with latitude. As can be seen from Figures 6 and 7, our analysis did not reveal such a correlation. There are small but weak correlations for the ‘Strictly Defined’ set start and end dates, with only a R2 of 0.0003 for start date and 0.015 for end date. Out of the 46 HEIs that specified any heating season, the 11th most northerly HEI had the latest heating start date (November). For the latitude analysis, the start and end dates were assumed to be the first and last days of the specified months for the policies classified as defined.
Window Size Effects on Subjective Impressions of Daylit Spaces: Indoor Studies at High Latitudes Using Virtual Reality
Published in LEUKOS, 2021
Claudia Moscoso, Kynthia Chamilothori, Jan Wienold, Marilyne Andersen, Barbara Matusiak
Furthermore, high latitudes usually count with subarctic climates, which are characterized by having long, very cold winters, and a small amount of yearly solar radiation compared to other regions (Peel et al. 2007). The climatic conditions present the challenge of reconciling the need for daylight access with the presence of extremely low sun angles, particularly in the winter months (i.e. around + 4°). Even though sunlight penetration in a space undoubtedly affects the occupants’ visual and thermal comfort, the presence of sunlight patches has also been shown to positively influence the spatial experience of occupants in studies that investigate the perceptual effects of both window size (Boubekri et al. 1991; Wang and Boubekri 2011) and of architectural design (Rockcastle et al. 2017a, 2017b). These findings, in combination with the effects of window size on spatial perception, bring forth the question of the joint impact of window size and daylight penetration on an occupants’ experience of space, particularly in the context of high latitudes. Daylighting studies carried out at high geographical latitudes are limited compared to those conducted in lower latitudes, thus creating a need to conduct dedicated studies in order to uncover new knowledge for the corresponding climates and populations.
Streets are forever: thermal coefficient of street orientation as a strategy to develop cooler street networks in hot climates
Published in Architectural Science Review, 2021
Climate physics are closely related to latitude, due to the effect it has on the exposure to solar radiation. The dulling of properties of the climate, such as temperature, can be achieved through the design of the built environment, namely through the manipulation of direct sun exposure. Due to the geometrical and microclimatic similarities with canyons, urban streets are commonly described as urban canyons, canyons, or street canyons, after Nunez and Oke (1977). As the authors note, these are important spatial units for the analysis of the energy input, partitioning and output of a structure that is repeated throughout a city.