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The History of the Environmental Movement in the United States
Published in Daniel T. Rogers, Fundamentals of Environmental Law and Compliance, 2023
This chapter is organized by history and subject. The first section addresses geography and climate, which greatly influence how the environment responds to stresses such as pollution and also how it responds to sustainability efforts. The second section is a brief history of the environmental movement in the United States. We then review the National Environmental Response Act, which may actually be the most important legislation that encompasses how we regulate ourselves and established the objective and purpose of sustainability in the United States and, as we shall discover, has been copied by most countries of the World.
Community Energy Generation
Published in Brian Levite, Alexander Rakow, Energy Resilient Buildings & Communities:, 2020
Geography is clearly a driver when it comes choosing renewable resources, due to the availability of sun, wind, and other natural features that fuel renewable generation. We can also think about political geography as a driver, since each state has slightly different regulatory and incentive structures. You should also consider your access to other fuel types. The questions from Step 2 about access to natural gas and other fuel feed-stocks will help inform your decisions about which technologies are possible and which of those will be the most cost-effective and resilient.
Developing Capacity For Conflict Resolution Applied To Water Issues
Published in M.W. Blokland, G.J. Alaerts, J.M. Kaspersma, M. Hare, Capacity Development for Improved Water Management, 2019
Léna Salamé, Larry Swatuk, Pieter van der Zaag
Water resources of all types are under increasing pressure from a number of actors, forces and factors manifest in the early 21st-century world (UN, 2006). Of particular concern is the impact of population growth; by 2050 the world’s population will have increased by 50 per cent. Also of concern is the way in which sovereign states will deal with increasing (seasonal, absolute, natural, man-made) scarcities in transboundary river basins. Geography is thought to play a special role, with location in the basin (upstream/downstream) and in the environment (arid/semi-arid ecosystems) regarded as key factors in future water conflicts. Global warming is also thought to pose particular challenges to water-stressed societies and communities that must develop adaptation and mitigation mechanisms in order to survive. At the national level, important questions have arisen concerning the optimal use of limited resources.
Building survey forms for heterogeneous urban areas in seismically hazardous zones. Application to the historical center of Valparaíso, Chile
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2018
Belén Jiménez, Luca Pelà, Marcela Hurtado
All the data collected during the survey activities can be suitably compiled by using GIS databases to evaluate the current status of the study area. GIS is a methodical collection of computer software, geographic data, and designed tools to efficiently capture, store, update, analyze and display all forms of geographically referenced information. These activities are essential in order to create reliable databases to understand the structural characteristics of the different building typologies of the study area. Accurate databases with complete information contributes to improve the quality and reliability of the large-scale seismic vulnerability assessment.
Exploring the influences of compact development on zone-based travel patterns: a case study of the Seoul metropolitan area
Published in Transportation Letters, 2020
Sungtaek Choi, Sangho Choo, Sujae Kim
GIS is used to capture, analyze, and manage the spatial and geographic data. One of the strengths of this tool is that it allows users to obtain a combination of unrelated information using x-y coordinates as a key variable. Taking advantage of this feature, we merged geographic data with administrative district data and defined land use and transit service attributes.
Adoption and Use of Software in Land Use Planning Practice: A Multiple-Country Study
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2018
Patrizia Russo, Rosa Lanzilotti, Maria Francesca Costabile, Christopher James Pettit
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) refer to software tools for managing, analyzing and visualizing geographical data. GIS offers a wide array of functionality applicable on geo-referenced data ranging from performing analytics and spatial queries to spatial modeling. Due to its wide applicability, it can be used in all stages of a planning process.