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Machine Learning Algorithms Used in Medical Field with a Case Study
Published in K. Gayathri Devi, Kishore Balasubramanian, Le Anh Ngoc, Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques for Medical Science, 2022
In investigative workup environment [14], DM has been made known to diminish the breast malignancy. In standard medical practice, mammograms are evaluated by the radiologists and Classification is done based on the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) lexicon [15]. If any abnormality is detected in mammogram, a diagnostic workup that includes imaging modalities or additional mammographic views is typically required. Further evaluation using biopsy is recommended when lesion is suspicious. There are some risk factors which might raise the possibility of getting affected with breast cancer. Roughly about 80 percent of breast cancers are found in women neighboring the age of 50. Family history and Personal history may also raise the risk. Women who are with definite genetic mutations, as well as changes to the Breast Cancer (BRCA1 and BRCA2) genes, are at increased risk of having breast cancer during their life. Childbearing and menstrual history and other gene changes may also raise the risk. Due to the subtle difference between lesions and background fibro-glandular tissue, non-rigid nature of the breast and different lesion types, analysis of these images is difficult which leads to significant inter-observer and intra-observer variability [16].
Computer-Aided Detection of Breast Cancer on Mammograms
Published in J. Dinesh Peter, Steven Lawrence Fernandes, Carlos Eduardo Thomaz, Advances in Computerized Analysis in Clinical and Medical Imaging, 2019
M. Jayesh George, S. Perumal Sankar
The two types of tumors seen in women are benign and malignant. A noncancerous tumor is called benign tumor and is considered to be completely curable. A malignant tumor may invade the surrounding tissues and spread all over the body. The exact reason for breast cancer is still unknown but some of these are due to genetic abnormality and about 5–10% of cancers are inherited from parents. An X-ray imaging technique to examine human breast is called mammography. This specialized imaging technique aids in the early identification and diagnosing of breast abnormality as a screening tool. A diagnostic mammography is done for the patient who has previous abnormality and require some follow-up. A typical mammogram involves two or four views taken from different angles. A top view of breast is called cranial caudal view while a side view is called mediolateral oblique view.
Breast imaging
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Screening mammography in average-risk women is performed every two years. A dedicated team is essential to the screening process and includes radiographer, radiologist, surgeon, pathologist and counselling nurse. Mammography is the only validated screening test for breast cancer. Strict quality control over equipment, film processing and training of personnel is essential to provide optimum images and maximize diagnostic efficiency. An abnormality on initial screening leads to recall of the patient and a second stage of investigation comprising any or all of the following: USFurther mammographic views including magnificationClinical assessmentFNA or core biopsy.
Predicting Breast Density of Digital Breast Tomosynthesis from 2D Mammograms
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Jinn-Yi Yeh, Tu-Liang Lin, Siwa Chan
Mammography is an effective imaging tool for detecting breast cancer at an early stage and is also the only screening modality that has been proven to reduce mortality [1]. However, the sensitivity of mammography is often limited by the presence of overlapping dense fibroglandular tissue in the breast; the overlapping tissues depicted in mammograms may create substantial obstacles to the detection and diagnosis of abnormalities. Questionable screening mammography results frequently cause patients unnecessary anxiety and incur excessive medical costs. Fortunately, Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is a promising new tool for breast cancer diagnosis, which has the potential to overcome the problem of tissue superimposition used for quality inspection in traditional mammograms. DBT also provides many exciting opportunities, including reducing the possibility of breast compression, improving the accuracy of diagnosis and screening, reducing recall, and three-dimensional (3D) lesion location [1,2].
The World Trade Center Health Program: Cancer screening and cancer care best practices
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2023
Geoffrey M. Calvert, Gerald Lilly, John Cochran
USPSTF recommends biennial screening mammography for women aged 50 to 74 years.11 Mammography is the only breast cancer screening method currently recommended by USPSTF. Using data from 2015, it was estimated that 72% of US women aged 50 to 74 years received a mammogram within the previous two years.15 As for other breast cancer screening modalities, USPSTF found that the available evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms for digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) as a primary screening method for breast cancer. In addition, USPSTF determined that the available evidence is similarly insufficient to assess the benefits and harms of adjunctive screening (i.e., breast ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, DBT, or other methods) in women identified to have dense breasts on an otherwise negative screening mammogram.11 Details on the USPSTF recommendations for breast cancer screening can be found at this link: https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/breast-cancer-screening.
A scaling up approach: a research agenda for medical imaging analysis with applications in deep learning
Published in Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2023
Yaw Afriyie, Benjamin A. Weyori, Alex A. Opoku
In the field of medical image processing, computer-aided diagnosis is considered a challenging problem. This is not just a supportive role in measuring evidence towards the diagnosis. The diagnosis itself is being predicted. Therefore, decisions must be made with utmost care and be reliable. The objective of CAD is to provide physicians with computerised aid that serves as a second opinion in detecting abnormalities, evaluating disease progression, and differentiating among lesion types. A CAD system, for example, is used in breast imaging and ultrasound to detect and characterise breast lesions, in analysing chest radiography and computed tomography images to diagnose lung cancer, and in determining whether Tourette syndrome is a chronic disorder based on single-photon emission computed tomography(SPECT) (Stoitsis et al., 2006). A CAD measurement is useful in diagnosing breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, bone metastases, coronary artery disease, congenital heart defects, pathological brain detection, Alzheimer’s, and diabetic retinopathy (Halalli & Makandar, 2018). The CAD system in breast cancer works on highly complex patterns found in an image. Mammography is a very basic screen for breast cancer, a low-level X-ray of the female breast that can detect the disease early. Some studies show the benefits of CAD in mammography, as well as those that show little impact (Gilbert et al., 2008).