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Review of Fundamentals
Published in Nihal Kularatna, Electronic Circuit Design, 2017
Except in the case of predominantly digital circuit blocks, passive components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers are required as basic elements in circuit design. For example, good circuit design practice demands accurate and stable amplifiers, but active devices are by nature unstable, so they need to be tamed with passive components. Feedback is employed in almost all circuit designs to ensure that the circuit performance is a function of the passive rather than the active components. Passive components are neglected in the rush to complete the design of electronic systems. Many designers select passives as an afterthought and choose them from a list of standard components. Although this practice is adequate for some circuits, it does not suffice in the demanding world of high-frequency amplifiers, precision sample-hold circuits, data converters, and other analog and mixed signal circuits. The hardware designer must select adequate passive components to obtain the specified performance in demanding applications.
Comparison and design of energy-efficient approximate multiplier schemes for image processing by CNTFET
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2023
Elmira Tavakkoli, Shayan Shokri, Mahdi Aminian
Furthermore, scaling of the CMOS technology to below 45 nm has led to some critical challenges such as gate control reduction, short channel effects and massive process variations (Sabetzadeh et al., 2019). To reduce or improve these challenges, various promising devices and nano-emerging technology such as magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) devices, quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) and CNTFET devices have been introduced (Rostami et al., 2021). Among them, the CNTFET technology, as a promising device, is considered to be an appropriate candidate beyond CMOS, because of its similar device structure to MOSFET technology, higher current drive capability, higher thermal stability and ballistic transport. Moreover, CNTFET devices can enhance gate control and reduce short channel effects (Shulaker et al., 2013). So, designing an efficient circuit based on CNTFET technology can be remarkable in integrated circuit design. The area of the channel in CNTFET circuits is defined by the width (W) of the source and drain contacts and the length (L) of the nanotube (Loong Peng et al., 2012).
A full input range, 1–1.8 V voltage supply scalable analog voltage comparator in 180nm CMOS
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2021
Ashima Gupta, Anil Singh, Alpana Agarwal
The differential voltage comparator is proposed in this paper. The circuit diagram of the proposed design shown in Figure 1 is based upon digital circuit design methodology. It uses CMOS standard cells such as Inverters, Tri-state Inverters, and XOR gates. By connecting these cells, the analog voltage comparator is designed digitally except for the summer circuit which is encompassing four Transmission gate (TG) acting as the resistors. The Summer network gives the average of a feedback signal stored in a capacitor and the external inputs. The capacitor () shown in Figure 1 has been implemented in the feedback block by MOSCAP (MOSFET capacitor). As compared to other capacitors, the MOSCAP offers more capacitive density with less area and lesser masking layers (Aminzadeh, 2014; Singh & Agarwal, 2016, 2017; Gupta et al., 2019).
Adaptive synchronisation of memristor-based neural networks with leakage delays and applications in chaotic masking secure communication
Published in International Journal of Systems Science, 2018
In traditional neural network models, as we know, resistors were usually used to model synapses, which were found to represent connection weights and functionalities of neural networks (Pershin & Ventra, 2010). Artificial neural networks have learning abilities and can carry complicated tasks, such as pattern recognition, online learning and classification. But the lack of efficient hardware synapses has arrested the development of artificial neural networks in application. Chua first proposed the concept of the fourth passive circuit element in 1971 (Chua, 1971), which was named as memristor. Since then, a lot of efforts have been done to find ‘the missing circuit element’. Until 2008, the practical nanoscale memristor device was implemented by Strukov et al. at Hewlett-Packard Labs (Strukov, Snider, Stewart, & Williams, 2008). Due to the two-terminal structure and less energy consumption, different kinds of memristor-based circuits have been reconstructed to emulate the physiological brain (Itoh & Chua, 2009; Wang & Ye, 2011). Memristor is introduced into integrated circuit design as new technology process nodes because of its memory characteristics. The research of memristor has been considered to be a great advance in the development of artificial intelligence (Wu, Han, Wang, Wang, & Fang, 2016).