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Electrical Aspects
Published in Frank R. Spellman, The Science of Wind Power, 2022
The simple circuits shown in Figures 8.20, 8.21, and 8.22 are displayed in schematic form. A schematic diagram (usually shortened to “schematic”) is a simplified drawing that represents the electrical, not the physical, situation in a circuit. The symbols used in schematic diagrams are the electrician's “shorthand”; they make the diagrams easier to draw and easier to understand. Consider the symbol in Figure 8.23 used to represent a battery power supply. The symbol is rather simple, straightforward—but is also very important. For example, by convention, the shorter line in the symbol for a battery represents the negative terminal. It is important to remember this, because it is sometimes necessary to note the direction of the current flow, which is from negative to positive, when you examine the schematic. The battery symbol shown in Figure 8.23 has a single cell; so only one short and one long line are used. The number of lines used to represent a battery varies (and they are not necessarily equivalent to the number of cells), but they are always in pairs, with long and short lines alternating. In the circuit shown in Figure 8.22, the current would flow in a counterclockwise direction, that is, in the opposite direction that a clock's hands move. If the long and short lines of the battery symbol (symbol shown in Figure 8.23) were reversed, the current in the circuit shown in Figure 8.22 would flow clockwise, that is, in the direction of a clock's hands.
Design overview
Published in Susan Neill, Geoff Stapleton, Christopher Martell, Solar Farms, 2017
Susan Neill, Geoff Stapleton, Christopher Martell
Once the electrical design is completed and approved and all the primary system components have been selected, a detailed system design should be drawn up including: Architectural diagram: a plan view of the installation site drawn to scale. It will show the physical dimensions of the site, the location of all relevant existing equipment and the proposed location of all system equipment. This should be done using computer software such as AutoCAD.List of all materials required: this represents the installation system equipment checklist.Electrical schematic: also known as a ‘circuit diagram’ and; a drawing of the circuitry of systems, components, devices, represented by graphical symbols and their interconnections. The location of components in the diagram do not necessarily correspond to the actual physical arrangement of the equipment, but provides an understanding of the electrical system.Wiring diagram: also known as a ‘connection diagram’; a detailed drawing showing the wiring and interconnectivity of all components and their actual locations, e.g. the array combiner box or the AC wiring in the switchboard. The wiring diagram may include the function of the components, the wire type, size and colour, and the identification of the circuits leading to and from the component. These diagrams are used when assembling, installing or maintaining equipment.Block diagram: a drawing used to give an overview of the system, including the function of the system (a ‘single-line diagram’ is a type of block diagram). There may be no need to have a block or a single-line diagram if all the information can be included in the circuit diagram.
FPGAs for Rapid Prototyping
Published in Vojin G. Oklobdzija, Digital Design and Fabrication, 2017
Following functional simulation of the design, the logic is automatically minimized, the design is synthesized, and saved as a netlist. A netlist is a text-based representation of a logic circuit's schematic diagram.
Feasibility analysis of implementing PV street lighting system in an arid region
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 2022
Naser Muhaisen, Sheroz Khan, Mohamed H. Habaebi, Nabil A. Ahmed, Musse Mohamud Ahmed
In this work, the proposed PV system is implemented using the grid connection technique embedded in the PV street lighting system. This street lighting system comprises solar panels installed on the top of the street lighting pole, an LED Lamp, a grid-connected inverter, and cables for connections between all these components. Cables between lighting poles and the utility grid already exist; therefore, there is no need for a storage system. Hence, the storage expenses can be curtailed for this particular system. Here, the PV module converts sunlight to DC power during day hours and feeds this power to the utility grid after converting it to AC power. This will support the utility grid for load during peak hours; during the night, the utility grid will supply street lighting poles. One of the best advantages of this system is that it uses existing cables, and it requires no batteries, thus making it less expensive. The circuit diagram of the Monitoring Schematic for (Radiation, Ambient, and Module Sensors) is shown in Figure 4. The ambient temperature sensor and the module temperature sensor are connected to the Sunny Sensor Box, powered by the external power source, and connected to an inverter connected to the Sunny Web Box via data cables to record all the data from all sensors.
FPGA implementation of digital 3-D image skeletonization algorithm for shape matching applications
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2021
Perumalla Srinivasa Rao, Kamatham Yedukondalu, Racha Ganesh
LabVIEW (Daoud et al., 2013; National Instruments LabVIEW FPGA, 2017) is a model-based design tool that is used to program FPGAs. The National Instruments (NI) FPGA module can be easily programmed with LabVIEW. To generate a target-independent hardware code for FPGAs, an HDL coder from MATLAB/Simulink (Daoud et al., 2013), (Altium, 2008) is used by the designers. For the synthesising, simulating, and verifying the HDL codes these are inefficient. A schematic tool Altium (Paterno, 2000) allows the Electronic Design Automation (EDA) for FPGAs and Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs). This tool is a target-independent tool. DSP builder (Intel DSP Builder for Intel FPGAs, 2017) generates HDL code directly for intel FPGAs from MATLAB/Simulink environment. Xilinx system generator (XSG) (System Generator for DSP User Guide, 2012) is an Integrated Design Environment (IDE) within the Integrated Synthesis Environment (ISE) development suite (Xilinx ISE In-Depth Tutorial, 2012) is a system-level modelling tool makes FPGA hardware design easy.
A combined theoretical and experimental performance analysis of a grid-tied photovoltaic system in semi-arid climate : a case study in Ghardaia, Algeria
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2020
Layachi Zaghba, Messaouda Khennane, Amor Fezzani, Idriss Hadj Mahammed, Abdelhalim Borni
The first mini solar photovoltaic power plant was installed on the roof of the car parking connected to internal URAER grid and is commissioned on 15 October 2014. This achievement is within research works of the Applied Researches on Renewable Energies Unit (URAER) affiliated to the Renewable Energy Development Center (CDER). The grid-connected park consists of 16 micro-amorphous solar module 125Wp with an overall installed capacity of 2.25 kWp, covering a total surface area of 23 m2 and inclined at 32° toward to the south.The PV array is arranged into eight strings, with two modules in series in each string and connected to one SMA sunny boy 3000 TL-20 inverters of 3 kW feeding directly into URAER internal grid (Figure 2). Figure 3 shows a schematic block circuit diagram of the PV system. In order to assess the performance of the solar power plant, it is necessary to know of the main technical data characteristics of the PV array and the inverter efficiency data. These are shown in given in Tables1 and 2.