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Cost Estimating for Various Manufacturing Processes
Published in Chris Domanski, Cost Engineering, 2020
The process of placing electronic components – such as micros, resistors, and capacitors – on a printed circuit board (PCB) (see Figure 4.22) is called the surface mount technology (SMT). In the age of electrification, SMT is one of the most common processes in manufacturing.
Wearable Electronics
Published in Muhammad Mustafa Hussain, Nazek El-Atab, Handbook of Flexible and Stretchable Electronics, 2019
Sherjeel M. Khan, Muhammad Mustafa Hussain
A circuit board, commonly referred to as printed circuit board (PCB), is the substrate that holds the electronic components on insulating material and connects the components to each other using electrically conductive metal tracks. A flexible circuit board is very similar to a rigid circuit board where the only difference is that the substrate is now flexible instead of being rigid. The metal interconnects are inherently flexible as their thickness is less than 500 µm. This allows the circuit board to possess any shape provided it stays within the bending limits of the substrate material. In previous subsections, we have discussed the flexibility of all the components in a wearable, and their integration on a flexible circuit board can help us envision a fully compliant wearable system. Commercial companies like Flexible Circuit© Technologies are dedicated to making flexible circuit boards for companies in need of making a flexible wearable device. The circuit boards need to be tested for performance under long term bending conditions.
Computer Assembly Planners in Manufacturing Systems and Their Applications in Aircraft Frame Assemblies
Published in Cornelius Leondes, The Design of Manufacturing Systems, 2019
Most of the electronic assembly planning systems reported in the open literature are knowledge-based. Assemblies of electronic products could be divided into three levels: component packaging, printed circuit board (PCB) assembly, and equipment assembly. The components in PCB are basically of two types: leaded or through-hole and surface-mounted. Maria and Srihari [29] reviewed the application of knowledge-based systems in PCB assembly. Other systems that have been reported include HICLASS [28], OPGEN [13], PWA-planner [5], SAPIENT [18], AUTOGEN [36], etc. Note that almost all rule-based assembly planners use backward chaining to perform disassembly planning. Only the assembly planners developed for mechanical products are reviewed below.
Discovery of fault-introducing tool groups with a numerical association rule mining method in a printed circuit board production line
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2023
Yeonju Lee, Youngju Kim, Bogyeong Lee, Chang Ouk Kim
Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are thin electronic circuit boards on which copper lines are printed; PCBs connect electronic components such as semiconductor chips and resistors. A PCB production line is a multistage line with various process steps and tools for each process step. The products are processed in units of lots; one lot comprises dozens of panels, which are large sheets containing several PCBs and hundreds of chips. Once all process work is completed, some panels in each lot are sampled, the number of faulty chips in each lot is counted, and the yield of the process, which is the ratio of nondefective products, is calculated. The PCBs are subsequently separated from the panels, yielding the finished PCB products. It is important for PCB manufacturers to reduce the number of faulty chips (i.e. increase the yield of the process) to ensure competitiveness.
Localised aqueous corrosion of electroless nickel immersion gold-coated copper
Published in Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 2022
M. Mousavi, A. Kosari, J. M. C. Mol, Y. Gonzalez-Garcia
In an era of highly sophisticated electronic and communication technology, electronic devices have extended to all aspects of our daily life. As a non-volatile data storage device, Secure Digital (SD) memory cards upgrade the storage capacity of electronic devices such as smartphones, digital cameras, tablets, etc. The central part of every SD memory card consists of a printed circuit board (PCB) that includes metallic pins [1,2]. Considering the electronic application of every single PCB in an integrated system, a specific number of circuits are mounted on a plastic backbone. Electronic PCB components such as resistors, capacitors and inductors are connected through Cu traces that conduct electrical currents. However, as they are used in many potentially corrosive service environments, the oxidation of non-embedded Cu without protective coating is highly probable [3–5]. Moreover, the functional integrity of electronics is not only affected by the corrosion of Cu in itself, but also by electrochemical migration and redeposition of dissolved Cu ions on a neighbouring Cu electrode, due to oxidation of Cu and the presence of an electric field potentially jeopardising the reliability of electronics in service [6–9].
Recent advances in recovering technology for recycling gold from waste printed circuit boards: a review
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
PCBs is the most important part of e-waste, accounting for about 6% of e-waste by weight (Prakash, Lin, and Tsai 2020). PCBs are the core devices of household electronic and electrical facilities. PCB is found in almost all electronic equipment and is the basis of modern electronic industry (Zhang et al. 2021), which is composed of insulating nonmetallic polymer substrate, metal foil layer and electronic components. The metal foil layer contains a variety of metals, such as copper, gold, tin, etc, in which the metal accounts for more than 80% of the total PCB, and the metal concentration is about 10 times that of nature gold ore that with grade of 1 ppm is valuable for economic value (Pietrelli, Ferro, and Vocciante 2019), while WPCBs with a grade of 10–1000 ppm make it an attractive urban metal mine for development.