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Introduction
Published in Ehsan Heydarian-Forushani, Hassan Haes Alhelou, Seifeddine Ben Elghali, Virtual Power Plant Solution for Future Smart Energy Communities, 2023
Ehsan Heydarian-Forushani, Hassan Haes Alhelou, Seifeddine Ben Elghali
Chapter 2: The smart grid enables suppliers and consumers to communicate systematically, making them more flexible and intelligent in their operating plans. A smart grid is an electrical network that monitors and manages the transportation of power from all generation sources to satisfy the variable electricity demands of end users using digital and other modern technology. Given the development of smart grids, demand-side participation, and microgrid's distributed energy resources integration into a single framework, such as a virtual power plant (VPP), it promises to reduce peak loads. Therefore, microgrids are critical parts of the future smart grid. This work discusses the present and envisaged prospective contributions of the VPP with the context of microgrids. This work presents a broad overview of the VPP of renewable energy with its attendant communication platform design and architecture. Thus, this work proposed a demand response control model and microgrid customers' electricity consumption model. Lastly, this work also discussed the electricity market interaction of the microgrid in demand response bidding.
Hybrid Energy Systems for O&G Industries
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Hybrid Energy Systems, 2021
Additional options for low environmental impact hybrid generation includes Smart Grid technologies, demand response, clean dispatchable power generation, and other strategies including transportation sector integration through vehicle-to-grid services. Smart Grid technologies offer benefits relative to the current grid, including improving power quality and reliability, reducing costs, improving efficiency and conservation, facilitation of increased renewable resources, and advanced technology penetrations, and enabling enhanced supply- and demand-side energy management [157]. Implementation of Smart Grid technologies can have important direct GHG and pollutant emissions benefits by improving systems-level efficiency, thus reducing levels of necessitated generation [158,159]. Vehicle-to-grid strategies also can provide emission benefits, essentially functioning as a form of battery energy storage [160]. As with other forms of energy storage, these strategies will require further advancement, both techno-economically and in social acceptance, but represent an optimal method of providing complementary generation in place of fossil fuels.
Securing IoT with Blockchain
Published in Vijayalakshmi Saravanan, Alagan Anpalagan, T. Poongodi, Firoz Khan, Securing IoT and Big Data, 2020
As technology is advancing and the IoT is being used in energy systems, the trend is shifting to smart energy grids. A smart grid is an energy grid which combines smart digital communication approaches with the traditional electric networks. A smart grid involves energy measures like smart applications and smart meters, and it produces power using energy-efficient resources like solar systems, wind turbines, renewable resources (e.g., bio-fuels), and even modern electric vehicles. IoTs can help smart grids by providing functionalities like real-time pricing, load forecasting, load monitoring, and demand response. Using renewable energy resources like solar panels, the energy consumers can also help in producing energy. Energy trading between such producers and consumers becomes difficult due to lack of trust and insecurity. Blockchain can help in energy trading between producers and customers using transactions. One such system based on smart contracts is proposed by Mylrea and Gourisetti [19] for energy trading based on predefined rules without the intervention of third parties. Another blockchain-based approach for transaction security is proposed by Aitzhan and Svetinovic [20] for decentralized energy trading via a proof-of-concept mechanism for securing transactions and anonymous negotiation of energy prices.
Resonance attacks detection and mitigation control scheme on frequency regulation in multi-area smart grid
Published in International Journal of Control, 2023
Manoj Kumar, Sheetla Prasad, Mohammad Rashid Ansari, Baibaswata Mohapatra
The smart grid includes generation, transmission, distribution, and communication networks that can monitor the two-directional flow of electricity and information data from generation to distribution and also regulate power flow mismatch among different generations and loads. The two-way communication and intelligent control systems enhance smart grid self-healing capabilities such are reliability, security, sensitivity, and economics. Smart grids consist of several load frequency control (LFC) systems, which are responsible for the regulation of power mismatch. All LFC systems in the smart grid are interconnected using advanced information and communication technology. The extensive utilisation of information and communication networks enables the smart grid vulnerable to cyber intrusions. This leads to several cyber intrusions so that an attacker intentionally injects false information to cause power loss, economic loss, and instability (Ekanayake et al., 2012).
The key modules involved in the evolution of an effective instrumentation and communication network in smart grids: a review
Published in Smart Science, 2023
Some new terms and acronyms were used in this paper. Distributed control station (DCS) is a system having more than one process control station with different input output units. Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is a new technology in smart grid which consists of meters, two-way communication, and data management system [5]. Energy management system (EMS) is a system that contains computer-aided tools to monitor and control the performance the generation, transmission, and consumption. Distributed energy resources (DER) are power generation resources located near load centers. Forward–backward algorithm is an algorithm that calculates posterior marginals of all hidden state variables given as a sequence of observations. Weighted average price prediction is an estimation algorithm which calculates the price of electricity. Load shifting is the ability to store the battery power and sell it back to the grid. Distributed and hierarchical control are the two most widely used control methods. In hierarchical control, each controllable object in the grid is controlled by a local controller which is eventually controlled by a central controller. Distributed controllers control individually and communicate each other to attain global goals. 4GLTE is a particular type of faster mobile internet communication.
Smart grid mechanism for green energy management: A comprehensive review
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2023
Adila Fakhar, Ahmed M.A. Haidar, M.O. Abdullah, Narottam Das
Generally, the smart grid incorporates automation and management systems, intelligent data transfer, power delivery from generation to consumers, and communication systems. The concepts and advancements in smart grid structure are shown in Figure 1 as the flowchart of the system, while the smart grid communication for energy management and automation is depicted in Figure 2 This advanced technology is expected to provide an effective system for energy management in microgrids, which in turn helps in reducing the environmental impact (Rehmani et al. 2018). As the utilization of RSER is growing rapidly worldwide, particularly in developed countries, the flexible integration of these resources with the power grid cannot be achieved without implementing the notion of the smart grid mechanism. With this aim, the RSER can be connected to the electricity grid, so that there is both the ability to transfer power from the electricity grid into electricity users (i.e., grid-to-RSER users), and to feed electricity from RSER into the power grid when these resources generate surplus power (i.e., RSER users-to-grid). Upgrading the current power grid toward a smart grid requires a full-duplex communication network, real-time control, automation between its elements, and the integration of load side features. The available communication system in the current power grid cannot be used for the integration of smart distribution system layers, as different technologies need to be developed for each layer (Fellah, Abbou, and Khiat 2021).