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A smart grid with renewable energy sources, e-vehicles, and storage systems
Published in Rajkumar Viral, Anuradha Tomar, Divya Asija, U. Mohan Rao, Adil Sarwar, Smart Grids for Renewable Energy Systems, Electric Vehicles and Energy Storage Systems, 2023
Felipe Sabadini, Reinhard Madlener
In a scenario to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, renewable energies are becoming increasingly important with every year that passes, and variable renewable energy (VRE), such as solar photovoltaics (PV) and wind, will play a vital role in a sustainable future. However, such intermittent power generation, originating mainly from solar PV and wind, is often unable to match demand and can thus cause a problem with balancing. One often-used remedy for this challenge is to use battery energy storage systems (BESS), as these can store energy and discharge it at short notice when demand occurs. With many different variables, such as intermittent energy-influencing factors, storage units, the communication between several energy technologies and the control of a complex operation depends on the development of the so-called “smart grid”. A smart grid is a modernized electrical grid that uses analog or digital information and communications technology. It incorporates various technologies – such as the internet of things, power control strategies, and end-user applications [1].
A Taxonomy on Smart Grid Technology
Published in Vikram Bali, Rajni Mohana, Ahmed A. Elngar, Sunil Kumar Chawla, Gurpreet Singh, Handbook of Sustainable Development through Green Engineering and Technology, 2022
Anurag Jain, Rajneesh Kumar, Sunil Kumar Chawla
A smart grid is a network or an electrical grid that integrates the performance and operation of smart devices and energy-efficient resources, especially renewable sources, in a cost-effective way. A smart grid is capable of controlling the generation and distribution of electronic power. High standards and supply with security and safety of power with low losses are key smart grid features. The schematic representation of the smart grid is shown in Figure 6.2 (Gungor et al., 2011).
Hybrid Microgrids
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Hybrid Power, 2021
There are several drivers for microgrids, and these include: Microgrid advocates that reliability and power quality can be dramatically improved at the local distribution level through systematic application of microgrid technologies.To meet local demand.To enhance grid reliability.To ensure local control of supply.Lower frequency responses include enhancing supply reliability, reducing energy cost, and enhancing grid security.Microgrid as a foundational building block in the ultimate smart grid.Microgrid provides reliability and integration of distributed energy resources (DER) and energy storage assets through improved system intelligence.To reduce the physical vulnerabilities of the electric grid during natural disasters.
A Hybrid Model Based on CNN-LSTM to Detect and Forecast Harmonics: A Case Study of an Eskom Substation in South Africa
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2023
E. M. Kuyumani, Ali N. Hasan, T. Shongwe
The electrical grid is a system that is made up of four subsystems namely generation subsystem, transmission subsystem, distribution subsystem and load. An electrical power system’s purpose is for the exchange of energy through currents and voltages. The grid must minimize voltage and current deviations from normal to ensure power quality. This voltage or current deviation maybe caused by the existence of harmonics in the system. Harmonics cause current and voltage waveform distortions hence the need to manage them through forecasting, detection, and elimination. Voltage and current harmonics forecasting is fairly challenging since the hourly electricity consumption depends on the load that is drawing power at a particular time and electronic circuits present. Non-linear loads are the main producers of harmonics in the grid. The increased use of inverters and electronic equipment in the power system has exacerbated the production of harmonics.
From systemic financial risk to grid resilience: Embedding stress testing in electric utility investment strategies and regulatory processes
Published in Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 2022
Mercy Berman DeMenno, Robert J. Broderick, Robert F. Jeffers
Before describing the policy framework, it is worth reflecting on the structure of the existing regulatory system for the electric grid, which is complex, multi-level, and functionally organized. State energy regulators (i.e., Public Utility Commissions [PUCs]), state and municipal governments, and cooperative boards regulate the distribution system and siting for generation and transmission (these state and local utility regulators are depicted in gray in Figure 1); the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) and the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) regulate the interstate transmission system and wholesale electricity markets; Independent System Operators (ISOs) and Regional Transmission Organizations (RTOs) analyze and coordinate substantial portions of the bulk power system; and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) operates regional power marketing administrations and has responsibility for long-term electric grid strategy and technology as well as joint responsibility with the U.S. Department Homeland Security (DHS) for the nation’s energy infrastructure pursuant to PPD-21 (these federal and regional entities are depicted in navy in Figure 1). There are also myriad public, quasi-public, and private organizations involved in the governance of the grid – ranging from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s role in siting to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers’ (IEEE) role in standards development. As with the financial sector, interagency bodies play important stakeholder coordination and agenda-setting roles, particularly for systemic issues.
Concepts and practices for transforming infrastructure from rigid to adaptable
Published in Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 2021
Erica J. Gilrein, Thomaz M. Carvalhaes, Samuel A. Markolf, Mikhail V. Chester, Braden R. Allenby, Margaret Garcia
In the future, the electrical grid is expected to increasingly use decentralized generation technologies (Fang et al., 2012), whether in addition to existing centralized infrastructure or by fully replacing centralized components. This represents the hardware-to-services characteristic for transmission systems through the ability to replace transmission lines with electricity services that can be made available where needed. Several sources noted the lack of research on adaptive transmission infrastructure as compared to generation and distribution (Li et al., 2010a), particularly in the ‘smart’ sector (Jiang et al., 2009). However, the embedding of ICT and ‘smart’ systems is a commonly discussed pathway to agility in electricity transmission systems, and another example of the hardware-to-software characteristic (e.g. Bose, 2010; Jiang et al., 2009; Li et al., 2010a).