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The Smart Grid—Enabling Demand Response—The Dynamic Energy Systems Concept
Published in Clark W. Gellings, The Smart Grid: Enabling Energy Efficiency and Demand Response, 2020
Demand response (DR) refers to mechanisms to manage the demand from customers in response to supply conditions, for example, having electricity customers reduce their consumption at critical times or in response to market prices. There has been a recent upsurge in interest and activity in demand response, primarily due to the tight supply conditions in certain regions of the country that have created a need for resources that can be quickly deployed. Demand response can broadly be of two types—incentive-based demand response and time-based rates. Incentive-based demand response includes direct load control, interruptible/curtailable rates, demand bidding/buyback programs, emergency demand response programs, capacity market programs, and ancillary services market programs. Time-based rates include time-of-use rates, critical-peak pricing, and real-time pricing. Incentive-based demand response programs offer payments for customers to reduce their electricity usage during periods of system need or stress and are triggered either for reliability or economic reasons. A range of time-based rates is currently offered directly to retail customers with the objective of promoting customer demand response based on price signals. These two broad categories of demand response are highly interconnected, and the various programs under each category can be designed to achieve complementary goals.
An Overview of Smart Grid in Protection Perspective
Published in Ramesh Bansal, Power System Protection in Smart Grid Environment, 2019
Demand response is a mechanism used by the utilities to motivate consumers to willingly reduce power consumption usage during a specific period of the day, i.e., peak periods when electricity price is high or during emergencies for prevention of a blackout. Smart grid supports interaction of power generation from various generating units and power demand in a real time. Owing to the advances in the level of technology, smart grid has many communication and control facilities to access generating units, transmission systems, substations, distribution systems and customers. The communication configuration of the smart grid allows information to flow from the costumers to the utilities, and vice versa. The power utilities design their power systems to meet the total amount of power demanded by the customers with the application of reserve merging [18]. With the advent of the smart grid, most of the power systems are incorporated with a number of standby generating units for the purpose of responding to a sudden change in the power consumption at the peak load periods. The demand response can be used for a variety of loads such as commercial, residential loads and industrial loads [18].
Demand and Demand Response
Published in Joseph E. Fleckenstein, Three-Phase Electrical Power, 2017
Demand response provides an opportunity for consumers to play a significant role in the operation of the electric grid by reducing or shifting their electricity usage during peak periods in response to time-based rates or other forms of financial incentives. Demand response programs are being used by electric system planners and operators as resource options for balancing supply and demand. Such programs can lower the cost of electricity in wholesale markets, and in turn, lead to lower retail rates. Methods of engaging customers in demand response efforts include offering time-based rates such as time-of-use pricing, critical peak pricing, variable peak pricing, real time pricing, and critical peak rebates. It also includes direct load control programs which provide the ability for power companies to cycle air conditioners and water heaters on and off during periods of peak demand in exchange for a financial incentive and lower electric bills.
Calculation of Consumer Baseline Load for Residential Sectors in the Context of Smart Grid
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2023
Ankit Kumar Sharma, Akash Saxena, Dheeraj Kumar Palwalia, Ramesh C. Bansal
Although DR programs appear to be very promising everywhere, they are challenging to execute in real practice due to a variety of issues. These issues stem from a wide range of users, loads, and different types of DR programs [2, 3]. Demand Response plays a vital role in smart grids. Two-way communication is facilitated by the smart grid, between suppliers and customers as well as the bidirectional flow of electricity [4, 5]. Policymakers are concerned about how load aggregators will compensate consumers because of these challenges. Most of DR programs completely rely on consumer baseline (CBL) to compensate consumers. CBL stands for inexact consumption level, or the electricity amount that consumers would have used if the DR event had not occurred. CBL is often used to assess the effectiveness of DR program. Furthermore, by aligning all stakeholders’ activities, interests, and incentives, a well-designed baseline model could benefit all parties. One of the most crucial steps in the DR program’s implementation is the accurate computation of CBL. For instance, if CBL is less than its true value, there won’t be any incentives for customers to take part in the DR program. There have been numerous investigations of CBL. A brief literature survey based on CBL is presented here.
An Integrated Energy Control System to Provide Optimum Demand Side Management of a Grid-Interactive Microgrid
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2023
Izviye Fatimanur Tepe, Erdal Irmak
Demand-side management (DSM) covers a variety of techniques and strategies that are employed to manage and control the demand for electricity on the grid. These strategies are aimed at reducing or shifting electricity demand in order to improve the overall efficiency of the electric power system. Some examples of DSM techniques include:Load shedding: This refers to the intentional interruption of electricity supply to certain areas or customers in order to reduce overall demand on the grid.Load shifting: This involves shifting the timing of electricity use to periods when demand is lower, in order to even out the load on the grid.Energy efficiency programs: These programs provide incentives or assistance to consumers to adopt energy-efficient appliances, lighting, and other technologies, which can reduce their electricity demand.Demand response: This refers to programs that allow customers to adjust their electricity usage in response to real-time price signals or other incentives.
Optimal control of a commercial building's thermostatic load for off-peak demand response
Published in Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 2019
Randall Martyr, John Moriarty, Christian Beck
Demand response refers to any programme that motivates changes in an electricity consumer's normal power consumption, typically in response to incentives regarding electricity prices (Vardakas, Zorba, and Verikoukis 2015). It is widely considered as a cost-effective and reliable solution for improving the efficiency, reliability, and safety of the power grid (Vardakas, Zorba, and Verikoukis 2015; Paterakis, Erdinç, and Catalão 2017). There are several examples of initiatives that incentivize electricity consumers to reduce their demand, especially during peak hours, as the references Olivieri et al. (2014), Lawrence et al. (2016), Kim et al. (2016), Jensen et al. (2017), Junker et al. (2018) all show. Demand response schemes that provide incentives for increased electricity demand are much rarer. The Demand Turn Up (DTU) service offered by National Grid UK, the system operator in Great Britain, is one such scheme. This service is meant to incentivize large electricity consumers to increase their demand when there is low overall demand on the network and high output from renewable generation (National Grid UK 2018). It is particularly relevant during the off-peak, night-time hours of interest to this paper, and below we summarize its key aspects (see National Grid UK 2018 for further details).