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Fundamentals of Internet of Things
Published in Bhawana Rudra, Anshul Verma, Shekhar Verma, Bhanu Shrestha, Futuristic Research Trends and Applications of Internet of Things, 2022
Sarthak Srivastava, Anshul Verma, Pradeepika Verma
This is the most basic and commonly used single board microcontroller used for building digital devices [27]. There are a number of variants of Arduino boards (see Figure 1.4), launched with different specifications and sizes, like Arduino Mega, UNO, Nano, Mini, Pro-Mini, Seeduino, etc. Most of them have ATMEL 8-bit AVR microcontroller chip with 5V linear regulator and 16MHz crystal oscillator. These microcontrollers are preprogrammed with a boot loader (Optiboot Bootloader), which facilitates the uploading of programs to the on-chip flash memory from another computer via Universal Serial Bus (USB) or Micro-USB.
Arduino Hardware
Published in Amartya Mukherjee, Nilanjan Dey, Smart Computing with Open Source Platforms, 2019
Amartya Mukherjee, Nilanjan Dey
This single-board microcontroller based computing device is the best choice for students of various schools and universities, researchers, and hobbyists. The interface circuits, switches and control motor, and various output devices can be done in an easiest way with Arduino. Arduino UNO is a board that is based on the 8-bit microcontroller system known as ATmega328 microcontroller that operates at 5 V [1]. Microcontroller itself has 2 kB of Random Access Memory and 32 kB of internal flash memory.
Measurement Systems: Other Components
Published in Patrick F. Dunn, Fundamentals of Sensors for Engineering and Science, 2019
The term Arduino® refers to a single-board microcontroller originallty developed in 2005, which now includes about 20 different Arduino boards. Its basic version, the Uno, is now used throughout the world. The open-source nature of its hardware and software has spawned a new industry, with literally hundreds of companies marketing Arduino-like devices and peripherals for the Arduino, such as sensors and shields (electronic boards with attached components).
Monitoring CO2 concentration to control the infection probability due to airborne transmission in naturally ventilated university classrooms
Published in Architectural Science Review, 2022
Fabio Fantozzi, Giulia Lamberti, Francesco Leccese, Giacomo Salvadori
By connecting a low-cost CO2 detector with a single board microcontroller (e.g. Arduino) and with a user interface, it is possible to realize a cost-effective system for CO2 monitoring able to predict the infection risk, on the basis of the operating principle represented in the flow chart of Figure 6. First, the system should be configured with a representative monitoring frequency and a critical infection probability (Pcr) that should not be exceeded. The monitoring frequency varies according to the activity that is carried out in the environment and, for classrooms, the period can be assumed equal to 5 min. The infection probability depends on the disease and, for COVID-19, Pcr can be assumed to be equal to 1% (Dai and Zhao 2020). Then, the volume of the classroom (V), the number of people in the room (N), the kind of activity (resting, standing, light exercise, or heavy exercise), and the possible use of masks should be indicated as input to the system. According to the method described in the previous sections, in particular see Equations (5) and (7), the infection probability (P) every 5 min can be numerically calculated. The calculated P can be compared to Pcr: if P > Pcr, preventive measures should be taken (e.g. opening windows to increase ventilation), otherwise the calculation is repeated until P exceeds the threshold value Pcr.
Equilibrium point-based control of muscle-driven anthropomorphic legs reveals modularity of human motor control during pedalling
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2020
Eichi Watanabe, Hiroaki Hirai, Hermano Igo Krebs
Figure 3 shows the customized bicycle. Human subjects (and also the robot in Section 4 later) perform pedalling on this device. The city-cycle style bicycle was used as the base frame. The back wheels were elevated by 3 cm by a metal frame structure. This frame contains an electromagnetic brake (ZA-1.2Y, Mitsubishi Electric Corp., Japan), extra sprockets, and a chain. The electromagnetic brake applies a constant brake torque on its crankshaft. The brakes are controlled by a PC via a single-board microcontroller (Arduino Uno SMD R3, Arduino S.R.L., Italia). The extra chain and sprockets connect the axles of the back wheels and a round-shaped deadweight. This structure prevents the slipping of the back wheel sprocket during backward pedalling. Similar to forward pedalling, subjects can feel resistance force during backward pedalling.
Design of the Force Measurement Device Using Piezoelectric Sensor
Published in Smart Science, 2019
Muhamad Aditya Royandi, Jui-Pin Hung
The electronic engineering field in the design of this system includes signal conditioner, ADC converter, and data acquisition system. Furthermore, Arduino was chosen as an ADC converter and data acquisition system. As a basic single-board microcontroller, Arduino has the advantage of being an open source SBM to make interactive controls or environments easily adaptive. Also, this SBM can be integrated with the data acquisition system software so that the data generated can be stored on a personal computer. Furthermore, it is necessary to pay attention to some of the performance owned by this SBM, such as the signals that can be read by Arduino are ranged between 0.0049 V and 5 V. The minimum value depends on the ADC resolution, and the maximum value is limited to 5 V in accordance with the general specifications. Whereas the piezoelectric component produces a low voltage (≥0.0001 V) with resonant frequency signal (<1 MHz) [20]. For this reason, signal conditioners are needed so that all related components of the electronic engineering field can work, and can transfer signals from piezoelectric. The system block used as a reference for designing the electronic field is shown in Figure 8. Voltage follower was used to prevent the signal voltage drop due to a long wire or high resistance between the piezoelectric disk and electronic circuit and the amplifier was used to amplify the input signal from the piezoelectric, and the signal filter was used to filter the unnecessary noise signal. The op-amp is an operational amplifier AD-8541, with the specifications in the reference [21], which was used in signal conditioners to deal with the signals produced by piezoelectric sensor.