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Communication Network at a Glance
Published in Vikas Kumar Jha, Bishwajeet Pandey, Ciro Rodriguez Rodriguez, Network Evolution and Applications, 2023
Vikas Kumar Jha, Bishwajeet Pandey, Ciro Rodriguez Rodriguez
Networks classified based on the communicating signals are of the following types: the analog network – uses analog technology to transfer signals and the communicating signals are of analog nature – and digital network – uses digital technology and the communicating signals are digital in nature. A signal is an electromagnetic or electrical current that is used to carry the information from one device in the network to another. Analog and digital are the types of transmission signals, and hence, these are mostly related at the level of signal transmission of the network. In a network, there are many of the devices which can understand analog signals only or the digital signals only. In that case, the general approach while designing a network is to use the conversion mechanism to convert the signals from analog to digital and vice versa whenever required in the network. Figure 1.3 represents the waveform of analog and digital signals.
Design Technique for Microsystems Packaging and Integration
Published in Yufeng Jin, Zhiping Wang, Jing Chen, Introduction to Microsystem Packaging Technology, 2017
Yufeng Jin, Zhiping Wang, Jing Chen
Signal transmission refers to data or commands being transmitted from one point to another in a system. Starting from the driver circuit of a certain chip, a signal travels through interconnects to the receiving circuit in either the same chip or another chip. Interconnects can be implemented on chips, package, or printed wiring board (PWB). In design, consideration should also be given to the following issues.
Performance evaluation of MIMO DFT-Spread WR-OFDM system for spectrum efficiency and power efficiency
Published in Journal of Information and Telecommunication, 2022
High power amplifier (HPA) efficiencies for different modulation systems are depicted in Figure 9. In a practical wireless communication transmitter, HPA facilitates signal transmission over long distances. Since the PAPR of the suggested system is lower than the OFDM counterparts, the HPA efficiency is higher than conventional systems. From this figure, we can see that the maximum efficiencies of the OFDM system are 12.85% and 20.18% for Class A and B amplifiers, respectively. When WL = 4, the maximum efficiencies of the WR-OFDM system are 12.42% and 19.49% for Class A and B amplifiers, respectively. For the case of WL = 62, the maximum efficiencies of the WR-OFDM system are 12.13% and 19.05% for Class A and B amplifiers, respectively. The maximum efficiencies of the proposed system for WL = 4 are 15.81% and 24.82% for Class A and B amplifiers, respectively. And finally, for the case of WL = 62, the maximum efficiencies of the suggested system are 15.45% and 24.26% for Class A and B amplifiers, respectively.
Innovative technologies in manufacturing, mechanics and smart civil infrastructure
Published in International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials, 2018
Since the pioneer work done by [43], fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors have been gain popularity in structural health monitoring because of the small size, light weight, non-conductivity, fast response, resistance to corrosion, higher temperature capability, immunity to electromagnetic noise and radio frequency interference, multiplexing and wavelength-encoded measure and information. An interrogation unit is required to address the large array of FBG sensors by using a single source. Various interrogation techniques for FBG sensors were reviewed in [44,45] and introduced four standard interrogation techniques: time-division multiplexing (TDM), spatial-division multiplexing (SDM), frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), and wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM). These interrogation techniques can be used alone or in combination with the other techniques. Given that FBG sensors are very fragile in nature, sustainable encapsulation is required before such sensors are placed into a regular monitoring service. Another attractive feature of FBG sensors is that they can serve as both the sensing element and the signal transmission medium. A great number of successful application examples in civil structures have been conducted (e.g. [44,46],).
Design and Test of the Interlock Protection System for Extraction Power Supply of Negative Ion Source at ASIPP
Published in Fusion Science and Technology, 2019
M. C. Huang, C. D. Hu, C. C. Jiang, Y. Z. Zhao, Y. H. Xie, J. L. Wei, S. Y. Chen, Q. L. Cui, J. J. Pan, Y. L. Xie
An AD652 synchronous V/F converter can be configured for use as the V/F converter and the F/V converter for isolated analog signal transmission. The schematic diagram of the V/F circuit is shown in Fig. 2. Connected to a few peripheral components, AD652 uses an external clock to define the full-scale output frequency. The use of an external clock to set the full-scale frequency allows AD652 to achieve good linearity and stability. In this design, AD652 accepts a 0- to 10-V full-scale input signal. The input voltage is converted to a 0- to 1-MHz frequency signal by AD652. The output frequency signal will be connected to the input of the optic transmitter.