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Summary and Outlook
Published in Ghenadii Korotcenkov, Handbook of Humidity Measurement, 2019
The general architecture of smart sensors is shown in Figure 24.3. A classical block diagram of a smart sensor interface is shown in Figure 24.3a. The sensor output signal is first processed in the analog domain by a signal conditioning circuit that generally relies on operational amplifiers (Sifuentes et al. 2017). The main functions of this block are level shifting and amplification, so as to match the sensor output span to the input span of the ensuing analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and, hence, to make good use of the ADC dynamic range. Other common tasks of the signal conditioning circuit are: sensor output-to-voltage conversion, filtering, linearization, and/or demodulation. The resulting analog signal is then digitized via the ADC. Finally, a digital system acquires, stores, processes, controls, communicates (to other devices or systems), and/or displays the digital value with information about the measurand. Nowadays, the most popular digital systems are microcontrollers (µC) and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs).
Electronic fundamentals
Published in David Wyatt, Mike Tooley, Aircraft Electrical and Electronic Systems, 2018
Fig. 2.43(a) shows the basic arrangement of an instrumentation system. The physical quantity to be measured (e.g. temperature) acts upon a sensor that produces an electrical output signal. This signal is an electrical analogue of the physical input but note that there may not be a straightforward linear relationship between the physical quantity and its electrical equivalent. Because of this, and since the output produced by the sensor may be small or may suffer from the presence of noise (i.e. unwanted signals), further signal conditioning will be required before the signal will be at an acceptable level and in an acceptable form for signal processing, display and recording. Furthermore, because the signal processing may use digital rather than analogue signals an additional stage of analogue-to-digital conversion may be necessary.
Diagnostics of structural health of rapid rail transportation
Published in Andrzej Żurkowski, High-Speed Rail in Poland, 2018
The following functions are connected with the above levels of the structure of the system monitoring the suspension system of a rail vehicle: Sensors (input transducers): provide information on the recorded physical quantity.Data acquisition units: acquire signals from the transducers;condition the signals – generally, an output signal from a sensor must be conditioned prior to its further analysis and presentation by a computer or other device. Exemplary operations of signal conditioning are amplification, suppression, and filtering.The functions listed above are realized by means of software, which is a part of the data acquisition unit – DAU (Figure 16.13).
Structure and motion design of a mock circulatory test rig
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2018
Yuhui Shi, Theodosios Korakianitis, Zhongjian Li, Yubing Shi
A computer monitoring and control system is needed to record the pressure and flow response in the MCTR, as well as to command the linear motors to generate the necessary designed motions in the ventricle/atrium actuating pistons. A normal PC enhanced with the hardware (suitable A/D & D/A board) and the software (accompanying data acquisition and motion control program) support is OK for the purpose. Besides, the pressure and flow signals from the transducers are weak signals, and need to be conditioned and amplified before being picked up by the data acquisition system, thus the signal conditioning and amplifying circuits accompanying the transducers need to be purchased. The motion command signals sent by the computer to the linear motors often need to be amplified with a separate amplifier as well. With the computer monitoring and control system, signals from the pressure and flow transducers and from the motor driving channels can be displayed real-time on the computer screen or saved as data files for further post-processing.
Hardware-Based Parameter Extraction of Acoustic Emission Burst Signal for Structural Health Monitoring Applications
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2018
Chandan K. Bhagat, Nilangshu K. Das, C. K. Mukhopadhyay, B. Purna Chandra Rao
The Multisim design of AE system is shown in Figure 2. The system consists of signal conditioning board (sensor, pre-amplifier, and post-amplifier), signal processing board (AE Board), and the controller blocks. Signal conditioning manipulates the signal in a way that it meets the requirement of the next stage. The AE Board is responsible for the parameters extraction of AE signals.