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Analog and Digital VLSI Design
Published in Bogdan M. Wilamowski, J. David Irwin, Fundamentals of Industrial Electronics, 2018
Data converters form the interface boundary between the analog and digital domains. An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) samples an analog signal at a given clock rate, quantizes it, and represents it in its equivalent digital code. On the other hand, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) converts a digital input code into its analog representation. ADCs can be categorized into two broad categories, namely Nyquist rate and oversampling data converters. Nyquist-rate ADCs operate at a sampling frequency, set by Nyquist’s sampling theorem, which is double the bandwidth of the input analog signal. A wide variety of Nyquist-rate ADC architectures are available spanning the spectrum of speed and resolution: flash, pipelined, subranging, folding, integrating, and successive approximation.
New Spectrum Sensing Technique for Advanced Wireless Networks
Published in Ashish Bagwari, Geetam Singh Tomar, Jyotshana Bagwari, Advanced Wireless Sensing Techniques for 5G Networks, 2018
Ashish Bagwari, Jyotshana Bagwari, Geetam Singh Tomar, Robin Singh Bhadoria
The most commonly used detector by researchers to detect PU signals is an energy detector. Figure 6.2 represents the conventional ED in which the PU signal is given as an input to a band pass filter (BPF) and then after filtration it passes to the ADC. ADC stands for the analog to digital converter which converts an analog signal to a digital signal and also provides binary bit patterns. These binary bit patterns are given to a square law device (SLD), which evaluates the energy of the received input signals. Then, the output of the SLD is received by an integrator which integrates at a T interval. The final decision is made by a decision-making device (DMD) against the incoming input signal to confirm whether the PU is present or absent with the help of a single threshold value.
Analog Capture
Published in Syed R. Rizvi, Microcontroller Programming, 2016
In all the chapters that we have covered until now in this text, we were dealing with the digital world. We talked in terms of bits, bytes, and digital gates. However, in order to benefit from the advantages that digital signals offer us, we need to recognize that most real-world information is analog in nature. It is necessary, therefore, for a digital system like a microcontroller to be able to read values that are analog. The process of converting an analog signal to digital, along with all the attendant signal manipulation, is usually called data acquisition. With the acquired data converted into digital form, the digital system gains the tremendous power of being able to make a variety of measuring devices. An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is used to convert a signal from analog-to-digital form. The circuits available to do this translation are relatively complex. Their design is a mature art form; however, ready-to-use ICs or modules in the microcontrollers are available to serve as ADC. A designer designing embedded applications must understand the characteristics of the ADC in order to provide a correct program design. Figure 10.1 illustrates a simplified flow of data from analog-to-digital form.
Real-time monitoring of battery state of charge using artificial neural networks
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Sai Vasudeva Bhagavatula, Venkata Rupesh Bharadwaj Yellamraju, Karthik Chandra Eltem, P. N. Shashank, Phaneendra Babu Bobba, Satyanarayana Kosaraju, Naveen Kumar Marati
Figure 11 is a block diagram representation of ADC and its connection with the control unit. The voltage, current and temperature sensor are connected to the channels of ADC. The ADC (Mehta, Aono, and Chakrabartty 2020) uses a two-wire communication protocol called I2C using serial data (SDA) and serial clock (SCL). The analogue to digital converter (ADS115) used for the execution is a 16-bit resolution ADC, where 15 bits are used for the conversion and 16 bit is for the sign determining the decimal value to be positive or negative; the ADC also features to have an inbuilt programmable gain amplifier meaning the reference voltage can be atoned by programming the gain and setting it to different modes. The reference voltage of the ADC is the reading voltage range of the ADC, comprehensively for a gain of 1 the reading voltage of the ADC ranges from 0 to 4.096 V and the same are applicable for the other gains and their respective reading voltages as shown in Table 1.