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Enabling Factors and Emerging Techniques
Published in Wen Sun, Qubeijian Wang, Nan Zhao, Haibin Zhang, Chao Shen, Ultra-Dense Heterogeneous Networks, 2023
Wen Sun, Haibin Zhang, Nan Zhao, Chao Shen, Lawrence Wai-Choong Wong
A radio access network (RAN) is part of a mobile telecommunication system to connect UEs and the core network. RAN can provide 24×7 hours of uninterrupted, high-quality services to UEs. Therefore, RAN is determined as an important asset for the survival of mobile operators. The traditional RAN has the following characteristics: (1) BSs connecting with fixed numbers of sector antennas only have a small coverage area. It means that the service range of sending and receiving signals is limited to the local area; (2) Independent BSs cause low spectrum efficiency, since each BS can only work with its own spectrum. Therefore, the limited spectrum makes increased co-channel interference, resulting in reduced channel capacity; (3) BSs are usually developed on proprietary platforms.
Foundations of electromagnetism
Published in Riadh Habash, BioElectroMagnetics, 2020
Traditional RAN has been the air interface in application since the beginning of cellular technology and has evolved through the generations (1G through 5G). Small low-powered cells such as RAN nodes having a range of few meters to few hundred meters in diameter will play an essential role in major applications of 5G. Small cells compromise three types namely femto (~0.1 km), pico (~1 km), and microcells (~2 km). However, a macrocell is used in the cellular network to offer radio coverage to a wide area of mobile network access (~2 km). By using small cells, the network can increase area spectrum efficiency by reusing a higher frequency [21]. Elements of the RAN comprise a base station that connects to sector antennas which cover a small region depending on their capacity and can handle the communication within this small sector only.
5G communication challenges and opportunities
Published in Yadwinder Kumar, Shrivishal Tripathi, Balwinder Raj, Multifunctional MIMO Antennas, 2022
A radio access network (RAN) is basically a part of mobile telecommunication that connects devices to the other part of network via radio connections. It is located between a cellular phone, a personal computer, or any remotely controlled machine and its core network, and its functionality is usually controlled by chips inside both the core network and the consumer device.
Network resource optimization configuration in edge computing environment
Published in International Journal of Computers and Applications, 2023
Yong Liu, Jiabao Jiang, Yun Liu, Yong Zhang, Qilin Wu
The core architecture of the edge computing is as shown in Figure 1, which includes a three-layer structure of a radio access network a backbone network, and a cloud data center. The terminal connects to the network operator through the radio access network, and the operator accesses the network provider through the backbone network. The cloud service provider deployment serves the backbone network. By deploying the MEC service in the vicinity of the mobile terminal, the mobile terminal connects the computing task to the intelligent base station from the cloud through the wireless access network provided by the network operator through the intelligent base station. When the intelligent base station cannot meet the current mobile terminal requirements, the mobile terminal passes through the core. The network connects to the cloud data center to obtain data, which achieves a win-win effect of reducing the terminal computing response delay and reducing the backbone network load.
ACO–OFDM with Improved Bandwidth Efficiency over Long Haul and MIMO Optical Fiber Communication Systems
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Optical fiber has been an efficient transmission channel for high speed and long haul communication link up to transoceanic distances. It holds enormous data speed capacity with low environmental interferences. Basic optical fiber set-up consists of single-mode fibers for long distance high speed links where as multimode fiber is a low cost option for short distance, slower data rate applications [1]. Optical fiber links are backbone for links between telephone exchanges, Cable TV connections and base stations to remote node terminals in radio over fiber. Recent challenges for communication industry are related to network and device designing that can sustain for upcoming advancements in technologies and demands on user end. Cloud radio access network (C-RAN) for 5G requires a fair investment in point-to-point fiber link closer to the user end [2–4].
A secure cluster-based authentication and key management protocol for machine-type communication in the LTE network
Published in International Journal of Computers and Applications, 2022
K. Krishna Jyothi, Shilpa Chaudhari
The network model of the proposed M2M communication is shown in Figure 1; it is divided into three major domains: MTC server, LTE-A network, and MTC device domains. In the MTC device, the MTC groups are formed (clusters) on the basis of their behavior, geographical locations, or whether the location bound up with the same applications. Each MTC group selects an MTC leader (cluster head) among the groups in the network. The LTE-A network consists of the evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN) and the evolved packet core (EPC). The MTC application domain consists of the MTC server, the MTCS communicates with the MTCDs through the LTE-A network, and the MTC users communicate with the MTCS via an interface that is accessible to the MTC users.