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Learning to See
Published in Lisa Heschong, Visual Delight in Architecture, 2021
Unfortunately, presbyopia is just the beginning of age-related declines in vision. The muscles that control pupil size and reaction become less responsive. Dry eye and computer vision syndrome become more common with age, especially for women past menopause. Aging also results in a normal loss in peripheral vision, of about one to three degrees per decade, such that by the time people reach their 70s and 80s their peripheral vision may have narrowed by 20 to 30 degrees.15 In addition, by age 60 or 70 most adults are developing cataracts which yellow and fog the lens, reducing color perception and increasing the amount of light that is needed to see details. Together, these changes result in most people past 60 needing three times more ambient light for comfortable reading than those in their 20s.
Driver Capabilities in the Resumption of Control
Published in Donald L. Fisher, William J. Horrey, John D. Lee, Michael A. Regan, Handbook of Human Factors for Automated, Connected, and Intelligent Vehicles, 2020
Sherrilene Classen, Liliana Alvarez
Increased age is associated with sensory, cognitive, and motor functional performance deficits. Age-related sensory performance deficits include decreases in visual acuity (which are commonly compensated for with glasses), contrast sensitivity, and peripheral vision, as well as increased glare sensitivity (Haegerstrom-Portnoy, Schneck, & Brabyn, 1999; Karthaus & Falkenstein, 2016). In addition, older adults commonly experience hearing impairments (Lin, Thorpe, Gordon-Salant, & Ferrucci, 2011). The normal aging process also impacts cognitive functions including visual processing speed, divided and selective attention, set shifting, inhibition of irrelevant information, and performance self-monitoring (Karthaus & Falkenstein, 2016). Finally, impaired motor functions include decreased muscle strength, speed of movement, flexibility, motor coordination, and limited range of motion (Chen, Xu, Lin, & Radwin, 2015; Vieluf, Godde, Reuter, Temprado, & Voelcker-Rehage, 2015). Together, these functional performance deficits rather than age alone are factors that decisively contribute to crash involvement in older adults (Papa et al., 2014).
Light Sources
Published in Toru Yoshizawa, Handbook of Optical Metrology, 2015
The human eye is not equally sensitive to all the wavelengths of light. The eye is most sensitive to green–yellow light, the wavelength range where the sun has its peak energy density emission, and the eye sensitivity curve falls off at higher and lower wavelengths. The eye response to light and color depends also on light conditions and is determined by the anatomical construction of the human eye, described in detail in Encyclopedia Britannica, 1994. The retina includes rod and cone light receptors. Cone cells are responsible for the color perception of the eye and define the light-adapted vision, that is, the photopic vision. The cones exhibit high resolution in the central part of the retina, the foveal region (fovea centralis), which is the region of greatest visual acuity. There are three types of cone cells, which are sensitive to red, green, and blue light. The second type of cells, the rods, are more sensitive to light than cone cells. In addition, they are sensitive over the entire visible range and play an important role in night vision. They define the scotopic vision, which is the human vision at low luminance. They have lower resolution ability than the foveal cones. Rods are located outside the foveal region, and therefore, are responsible for the peripheral vision. The response of the rods at high-ambient-light levels is saturated and the vision is determined entirely by the cone cells (see also Refs. [5,15]). Photometry is based on the eye’s photopic response, and therefore, photometric measurements will not accurately indicate the perceived brightness of sources in dim lighting conditions.
Forensic human factors and ergonomics analysis of a trip and fall event in a parking lot
Published in Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 2020
However, the closest, most relevant wheel stops—in terms of being an immediate tripping hazard—are about 90 degrees below the horizontal direction where the wheel stop would appear in the lower peripheral field of vision. Peripheral vision provides much less acuity than central foveal vision (Finlay 1982)—generally picking up overall shapes, sizes and color, but not detail. Detection of detail was necessary for noticing the warped wheel stop and raised bolt before the hazard is encountered.
A Usability Evaluation Instrument for Pain Management Mobile Applications: An Elderly’s Perspective
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2022
Umm e Mariya Shah, Thiam Kian Chiew, Yasir Mehmood
The perception issues include barriers to vision and audition (Holzinger et al., 2007). The abilities that decrease with age include visual acuity, visual accommodation, color vision, contrast detection, dark adaptation, glare, motion perception, and peripheral vision (Holzinger et al., 2007). The factors where the necessity increases with age involved demand for illumination increases with age, and a significant reduction of auditory facilities with age (Holzinger et al., 2007).