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Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning are Changing the Healthcare Industry
Published in Archana Singh, Vinod Kumar Shukla, Ashish Seth, A. Sai Sabitha, ICT and Data Sciences, 2022
Gaurav Singh, Anju Mishra, Archana Singh
Glaucoma is a chronic, neurodegenerative ocular condition that can cause permanent vision loss or blindness by damaging the optic nerve. Usually, there are no symptoms and patients become aware of the disease when considerable damage has already been done. There is no cure for glaucoma but if detected early, vision could be protected from further damage by various treatments and surgeries. Glaucoma is caused when the fluid inside the eyes, known as aqueous humor, starts being collected and thus increases the eye pressure. It happens when the channels responsible for the drainage of the fluid get blocked. As the fluid builds up inside the eye, the interocular pressure (IOP) starts rising and this damages the optic nerve. Once optic nerve cells start dying, there is vision loss. As optic nerve cells don’t have the ability to regenerate, once a large amount of these optic cells die the patient could become blind.
Dual Customized U-Net-based Automated Diagnosis of Glaucoma
Published in K. Gayathri Devi, Kishore Balasubramanian, Le Anh Ngoc, Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques for Medical Science, 2022
C. Thirumarai Selvi, J. Amudha, R. Sudhakar
In our nation, diagnosis of disease severity is done generally by the expertise and experienced doctors, but still, there are situations of incorrect diagnosis and treatment are being reported. Patients have to undergo several tests that are very costly and occasionally all of them are not necessary but are forced needlessly into patients to increase the bill. Glaucoma is one of the optic nerve diseases reasoned due to a rise in intraocular pressure and affects the capacity of human vision. Due to a lack of detailed information, each fundus image takes an expert eight minutes to annotate. Glaucoma is the second most common cause of vision loss after cataracts. Quigley et al [1] reported that around 60 million patients were diagnosed worldwide in 2010 and it is estimated that 80 million individuals would be affected by glaucoma by 2020. Glaucoma can cause irreversible damage to the optic nerve, leading to blindness if it is not correctly diagnosed. As a result, early detection of glaucoma is critical for the management of the disease's first-line remedial treatment. Figure 13.1 gives the details of eye image with normal and glaucoma. It also represents the optic cup and disc areas. The clarity of vision of a particular scenario is represented both without glaucoma and glaucoma is depicted in Figure 13.1. The Glaucoma detected eye focuses only on the center part and boundaries are darkened.
Introduction
Published in Arwa Ahmed Gasm Elseid, Alnazier Osman Mohammed Hamza, Computer-Aided Glaucoma Diagnosis System, 2020
Arwa Ahmed Gasm Elseid, Alnazier Osman Mohammed Hamza
Glaucoma is dangerous as an ocular disease because it is the second-leading cause of blindness with about 60 million glaucomatous cases globally (Lim et al., 2010), and it is responsible for 5.2 million cases of blindness based on (Lim et al., 2012), with more than 90% of the patients unaware of the condition (Zhang et al., 2014). In 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that 285 million people were estimated to be visually impaired worldwide: 39 million were blind and 246 million had low vision, in which 80% of all visual impairment could be prevented or cured. The WHO also stated that around 90% of the world’s visually impaired people lived in low-income settings (Koprowski, 2014). Clinically, glaucoma is a chronic eye disease that damages the optic nerve progressively as the disease progresses, causing more optic head damage due to loss of peripheral vision and resulting in a gradual loss of vision. Finally, glaucoma is associated with total blindness. Glaucoma must be managed at the early stage to prevent irreversible optic nerve damage. Treatment can prevent progression of the disease. Therefore, early detection of glaucoma is important to prevent blindness.
Preparation of 5-fluorouracil loaded chitosan microtube via in situ precipitation for glaucoma drainage device application: in vitro and in vivo investigation
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Xia Zhao, Sihao Liu, Yuemei Han, Yuqin Wang, Quankui Lin
Glaucoma, with characteristics of increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and visual field defect, is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in the world [1]. It is considered that the interruption of the aqueous humor circulation is the origin of glaucoma. When the circulation of the aqueous humor is blocked, the IOP increases, which makes great compression to optic nerve in the retina, thus damaging the visual field. At present, the primary treatment of glaucoma is drug therapy, followed by laser therapy. Surgical treatment including filtering surgery and drainage device implantation will be essential under the condition that the IOP is out of control with the routine treatment. In terms of long-time reduction of IOP, drainage device implantation is superior to filtration surgery [2].
Acute intraocular pressure changes during isometric exercise and recovery: The influence of exercise type and intensity, and participant´s sex
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2019
Jesús Vera, Jiménez Raimundo, Beatriz García-Durán, Alejandro Pérez-Castilla, Beatriz Redondo, Gabriel Delgado, George-Alex Koulieris, Amador García-Ramos
Summing up, an abrupt, rapid and progressive IOP increment occurs during isometric exercise, and this effect is more evident when exercising at greater intensities, with IOP returning to baseline levels within 8 seconds after the exercise has ceased. The mid-thigh clean pull and squat exercises induce similar IOP increments, and sex-related differences are inexistent. Our present outcomes support previous evidence on the detrimental effects of strength exercise when stable IOP levels are desirable. Our findings may be of interest for the management and prevention of glaucoma via lifestyle interventions, however, the external validity of these results for glaucoma patients needs to be addressed in future studies.
The intraocular pressure response to lower-body and upper-body isometric exercises is affected by the breathing pattern
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2021
Jesús Vera, Beatriz Redondo, Alejandro Perez-Castilla, George-Alex Koulieris, Raimundo Jiménez, Amador Garcia-Ramos
The immediate and long-term effects of physical exercise on the prevention and management of glaucoma have been thoroughly examined in recent years (Zhu et al., 2018). Endurance training at a low intensity (e.g. cycling or jogging) facilitates a reduction in IOP values (Najmanova, Pluhacek, & Botek, 2016; Rüfer et al., 2014), whereas resistance training (i.e. weightlifting) against heavy loads promotes an immediate IOP rise (Vera, Garcia-Ramos, Jiménez, & Cárdenas, 2017; Vieira et al., 2006). Importantly, the IOP response to resistance training is modulated by different factors such as the exercise modality (dynamic vs. isometric), exercise type (i.e. squat, bench press, biceps curl, military press), exercise intensity, or participants’ fitness level (Bakke, Hisdal, & Semb, 2009; Vera et al., 2017; Vera, Jiménez, Redondo, Cárdenas, & García-Ramos, 2018; Vera, Jiménez, Redondo, Torrejón, De Moraes, et al., 2019; Vera, Jiménez, Redondo, Torrejón, Koulieris, et al., 2019). Specifically, greater changes in IOP values have been observed during isometric compared to dynamic exercises, while increases in IOP values have been positively associated with the size of the muscle mass involved in the exercise and the load used (Vera et al., 2017; Vera, Jiménez, Redondo, Torrejón, De Moraes, et al., 2019; Vera, Jiménez, Redondo, Torrejón, Koulieris, et al., 2019). In addition, high-fit individuals have shown a more stable IOP response to exercise than low-fit individuals (Vera et al., 2018). Therefore, it seems reasonable to discourage the execution of highly demanding isometric efforts for glaucoma patients or individuals at high risk of glaucoma onset, especially if they have a low fitness level.