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Maximum Utilization of WDM-PON Resources to Enhance Reachability of Access Network
Published in Anuj Singal, Sandeep Kumar, Sajjan Singh, Ashish Kr. Luhach, Wireless Communication with Artificial Intelligence, 2023
Dinesh Kumar Verma, Amit Kumar Garg
Different generations of the PON technologies are exiting, which has been deployed in the past and present. These access network technologies are APON (A-Active/Asynchronous), BPON (B-Broadband), EPON (E-Ethernet), GPON (G-Gigabits), 10G EPON, Next-generation PON1 (NG-PON1), and wavelength division multiplexing PON (WDM-PON). All technologies have their own pros and cons. However, the main concern of the future is to get the technology that should be able to fulfill the demand of the data rate used by different applications, especially in video streaming and cloud computing at the data centers [14–17]. The old generation includes APON, BPON. Presently deployed PON technologies are EPON and GPON. Next-generation is categorized in different phases as 10GEPON, XGPON and NGPON 1. Here, NGPON 2 (i.e., WDM PON) comes under the future generation of the passive optical network. The evolution of the PON technologies has been classified into different generations, as shown in Table 6.1.
FTTH Standards, Deployments, and Issues
Published in Partha Pratim Sahu, Advances in Optical Networks and Components, 2020
The major PONs are EPON, ATM PON (APON), GPON, and WDM-PON, which are discussed in this section. Figure 10.1 shows FTTH access network having three architectures: (a) direct to subscriber homes: an architecture having a fiber set from the central office (CO) to each end-user subscriber for delivering bandwidth-intensive integrated voice, data, and video services; (b) via curb switch: simple architecture having connector termination space curb switch connected to the local exchange (called as central office) with bidirectional fiber in which N subscribers are connected with curb switch; and (c) via passive optical switch: an architecture consisting of passive optical power splitter connected to the local exchange (called as central office) with bidirectional fiber in which N subscribers are connected with curb switch at an average distance L km from the CO.
Optical Access Architecture
Published in Partha Pratim Sahu, Fundamentals of Optical Networks and Components, 2020
A PON needs a passive device to divide an optical signal (power) coming from one fiber into several fibers and at the receiver to combine optical signals from multiple fibers into one. This device is an optical coupler/splitter. Section 3.1 already discusses the different optical couplers in detail. An optical coupler is made by using two fibers fused together in which signal can coupler from one fiber to the other with the principle of evanescent wave principle. The N × N couplers are made by staggering multiple 2 × 2 couplers or by using planar waveguide technology. Couplers are characterized by the following parameters: Splitting loss: Power level at a half power 2 × 2 fiber coupler, and this value is 3 dB.Insertion loss: Insertion loss arises due to imperfections of the coupler’s fabrication process and coupling loss from 0.1 to 1 dB.Directivity: Some amount of input power coming out as a leakage from one input port to another input port. The directivity ~40–50 dB.
METAhaul framework of HPON for smart city access networks
Published in Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 2020
Kuo-Chang Feng, San-Liang Lee, Ching-Sheu Wang
To cope with the aforementioned challenges, the mobile market is evolving to offer broadband services with not only higher bandwidth capacity but also a quality of service (QoS) sensitive infrastructure to best support a new generation of packet radio technologies. Figure 3 depicts the transport network of 5G in MFH with the OTN, CE, and the HPON configuration. The novel HPON has co-existent TDM-PON, time-wavelength division multiplexing PON (TWDM-PON), and WDM-PON systems. In the MFH, the OTN and CE are connecting DUs by trunks and Media Dependence Adaptors (MDA) at the hub site, respectively, and connecting to RUs throughout a ring configuration to associate Access Nodes (AN) at the cell sites. While adopting HPON for the MFH, RUs and DUs can be connected by TDM-PON, TWDM-PON, and WDM-PON through an optical distribution network (ODN) to provide a flexible broadband service via different wavelengths. Different types of Optical Light Terminals (OLTs) are connecting to DUs and associate Optical Network Units (ONUs) to RU for the coverage. The ODN is constructed by passive components such as the Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG), Bandpass Filter (BF), and optical splitters.
Real-time wavelength reuse based on Bragg trans-reflection for dynamic reference frequency and data transfer in Datacom
Published in Journal of Modern Optics, 2019
G. M. Isoe, P. P. Dlamini, T. B. Gibbon
Optical fibre networks are extremely fast, reliable and efficient in the transfer of enormous amounts of data traffics. Technical specifications for passive optical network (PON) defining downstream and upstream requirements have been developed and are still being upgraded continuously (1). Simplified, power and bandwidth-efficient long-term solutions are therefore needed to provide benefits in better network resource management (2–4). Other than upgrading the network transmission layer, its media access control (MAC) layer also needs timely advancements to enhance channel bonding and integration with virtual machine learning for maximized network robust (5). The MAC layer module therefore needs to precisely control sending and receiving of data among multiple channels to avoid network jam. This calls for the adoption of a simple, accurate and precise timekeeping and synchronization mechanism to ensure future network survivability (6).
VCSEL-based differential modulation technique for high-speed gigabit passive optical networks
Published in Journal of Modern Optics, 2019
G. M. Isoe, S. Wassin, E.K. Rotich Kipnoo, A. W. R. Leitch, T. B. Gibbon
Existing GPON networks use multiple wavelengths in a single fibre to multiply network capacity without necessarily increasing the data rate per user channel. However, by adopting our proposed time domain multiplexing interferometer technique at the network transmission layer, the data rate per single channel can be doubled hence upgrading the entire network capacity and efficiency, without necessarily replacing the network optics. Typically, in a generic PON architecture, a single SMF fibre connects a central office to a remote distribution node, which contains passive splitters or/and multiplexers and de-multiplexer. PON also operate at varied distances depending on the transmitter power level, and provide data rates in the order of Gbps due to its end-to-end fibre infrastructure.