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Communication Infrastructure for Smart Microgrids
Published in Sasi K. Kottayil, Smart Microgrids, 2020
Ethernet represents a variety of data communication techniques over wired medium commonly used for computer network communication in LAN, MAN and WAN. Ethernet was developed by Xerox PARC in 1970s, commercialized as a technology in 1980 and standardized by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 1983 as IEEE 802.3. Ethernet has since undergone a lot of change to accommodate new features – such as, larger bit rate, higher number of nodes, improved range of communication, etc., and is now widely used in all forms of automation having wired communication. Ethernet technology first started using coaxial cable as the shared physical medium and later shifted to twisted pair copper cable. Many variants of ethernet like ethernet over power line and fiber optics exist for long distance and large bandwidth communication (Table 3.1).
Virtual Networking
Published in Dijiang Huang, Ankur Chowdhary, Sandeep Pisharody, Software-Defined Networking and Security, 2018
Dijiang Huang, Ankur Chowdhary, Sandeep Pisharody
If we needed IP networks that are isolated as they were used by different companies, departments, or organizations, we would normally deploy multiple IP networks made up of separate physical routers that were not connected to each other. They may still be using a shared Layer 2 or Layer 1 infrastructure; however, at Layer 3 they are not connected and do not form a network. Network virtualization allows a single physical router to have multiple route tables. The global table contains all IP interfaces that are not part of a specific virtual network and route tables are for each unique virtual network assigned to an IP interface. In its basic form, this allows an Ethernet 0/0 IP interface to be in virtual network 10 and Ethernet 0/1 IP interface to be in virtual network 20. Packets arriving on Ethernet 0/0 are only forwarded to other interfaces in virtual network 10 and do not use Ethernet 0/1, because it is not in its virtual network: virtual network 10 has no routing knowledge of other virtual networks. Additional virtualization can be provided by allowing multiple virtual networks per physical connection. This is enabled by using Layer 2 logical connections. For an Ethernet physical port, the use of multiple virtual LANs (VLANs) allows each VLAN to use a different virtual network.
Ethernet Networks
Published in Jerry D. Gibson, The Communications Handbook, 2018
The ethernet protocol uses carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD). The topology of an ethernet network may differ from the Aloha packet radio network. The Aloha packet radio network was configured with a controller node at the center of the network. The member nodes transmitted to the controller on a common inbound frequency band. On a different outbound frequency band, the controller broadcasts to the member nodes all of the packets it received as well as information, from which the occurrence of a collision could be inferred. In contrast, in some types of ethernet networks, nodes attach to a common communication channel and directly monitor it for carrier sensing and collision detection, as well as to transmit and receive packets. There is, thus, no central controller in some ethernet networks.
Construction of Data Acquisition and Processing System for Diagnostics Based on TSN Fiber Network at ASIPP NBI System
Published in Fusion Science and Technology, 2022
Ling Yu, Yongjian Xu, Xufeng Peng, Wei Liu, Yahong Xie
Generally, the electrostatic probe measurement system is based on the Ethernet protocol for data transmission. The data link layer of the standard Ethernet uses the carrier sense multiple access with collision detection protocol, which cannot guarantee data transmission within a certain time. Unlike traditional Ethernet, Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) is a protocol that works on the physical layer and the data link layer. It communicates based on the time division multiplexing method. It has a set of clock synchronization protocols to ensure that the clock accuracy of the entire network reaches the 1- to 2-μs level and can guarantee the synchronization and low jitter of the transmitted data.