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Hacking a drone
Published in Ralph DeFrangesco, Stephanie DeFrangesco, The Big Book of Drones, 2023
Ralph DeFrangesco, Stephanie DeFrangesco
There might be times when you need the MAC to address versus the IP address. The MAC address is the hardware address, while the IP address is the logical address. In order to get the MAC address, connect to the Parrot AR using WiFi as described above. You will need a Telnet session. Connect to the Parrot AR using a Telnet client as described above. You can get the MAC address in a few places. The best place to get it is in the/data directory. Type “cd/data” once you have a Telnet session. The MAC address is in a file called “random_mac.txt”. Type “cat random_mac.txt” and it will be displayed. The second place you can get it is in the config.ini file. If you are in the/data directory, type “cat config.ini” and scroll down to the MAC address heading.
Introduction of Computer Networks
Published in Dijiang Huang, Ankur Chowdhary, Sandeep Pisharody, Software-Defined Networking and Security, 2018
Dijiang Huang, Ankur Chowdhary, Sandeep Pisharody
Media Access Control (MAC)Media Access Control (MAC) address MAC address of a device is a unique identifier assigned to network interface controllers for communications at the data link layer of a network segment. A MAC address format is presented in Figure 1.4. MAC addresses are used as the address for most IEEE 802 network technologies, including Ethernet and Wi-Fi. MAC addresses are most often assigned by the manufacturer of a Network Interface Controller (NIC)Network Interface Controller (NIC) and are stored in its hardware, such as the network card's read-only memory or some other firmware mechanism. If assigned by the manufacturer, a MAC address usually encodes the manufacturer's registered identification number and may be referred to as the Burned-In Address (BIA)Burned-In Address (BIA). It may also be known as an Ethernet Hardware Address (EHA)Ethernet Hardware Address (EHA), Hardware AddressHardware Address or Physical AddressPhysical Address. A network node may have multiple NICs and each NIC must have a unique MAC address. Sophisticated network equipment such as a multi-layer switch or router may require one or more permanently assigned MAC addresses. MAC addresses are formed according to the rules of one of three numbering name spaces managed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): MAC-48, EUI-48, and EUI-64 [130].
Routing and Addressing
Published in Rui Valadas, OSPF and IS-IS, 2019
Layer-2 addresses The prevalent layer-2 addresses are the MAC addresses used in IEEE 802 LANs. These addresses are flat (non-hierarchical), have a length of 48 bits and, like IP addresses, are assigned to interfaces. Thus, the Internet addressing architecture has two address types naming the same network element. The MAC addresses are represented in hexadecimal notation, e.g. 48:dd:a9:56:b3:47. Like IP addresses, MAC addresses can be classified as unicast, multicast, and broadcast, with the same meaning. The broadcast address is the all-ones address (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff). MAC addresses are assigned on a global basis by the IEEE, but need only have layer-2 link scope.
A probe-based demand responsive signal control for isolated intersections under mixed traffic conditions
Published in Transportation Letters, 2023
Himabindu Maripini, Lelitha Vanajakshi, Bhargava Rama Chilukuri
Any probe data source such as GPS and LiDARthat ensures sufficient penetration rate can be considered as a viable data collection source. Though these are the most frequently used probe data sources, their usage is limited due to privacy concerns. On the other hand, recent advancement in the smart phone usage yields relatively higher penetration through Bluetooth (BT) and Wi-Fi scanners (Cheng et al. 2012; Hao et al. 2015; Zheng and Recker 2013). Bluetooth and Wi-Fi sensors are passive listeners to the unique Media Access Control (MAC) address of Bluetooth-/Internet-enabled devices in their vicinity. Re-identification of the vehicles with the same MAC address at different points on the network enables non-participatory tracking of vehicles, to collect the time stamp information. Hence, this is considered as the data source in this study. Radio-Frequency IDentification (RFID) scanners, being easy to install, can also be considered as an option. Use of such data sources that are less infrastructure intensive is considered feasible for implementation in both homogeneous and mixed traffic conditions.
Bus OD matrix reconstruction based on clustering Wi-Fi probe data
Published in Transportmetrica B: Transport Dynamics, 2022
Yunshan Wang, Wenbo Zhang, Tianli Tang, Dazhong Wang, Zhiyuan Liu
It is important to extract meaningful features from raw data before the step of clustering. Time, RSSI and MAC address are included in each record of Wi-Fi data. The data collection interval of common Wi-Fi probe is one or two seconds. In general, the closer the device and Wi-Fi probe, the greater the RSSI; the longer the device within the detection range, the more times it will be detected. However, the RSSI value and number of detection vary because of the instability of the wireless signals (Chen et al. 2014). Influencing factors include environmental humidity, signal attenuation caused by reflection, physical barrier, mobile phone status (operating mode or stand-by mode), whether the application is open and mobile phone brands (Chen et al. 2005; Shala and Rodriguez 2011). Under the condition of movement, the influencing factors are definitely more complicated, which is a challenge for data pre-processing.
Mapping of bus travel time to traffic stream travel time using econometric modeling
Published in Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2022
Sharmili Banik, Lelitha Vanajakshi, Darcy M. Bullock
Data collection for stream travel information must include all modes in a heterogeneous environment as in the study case. Wi-Fi sensors can reasonably capture all modes in the stream and are used as such to collect stream travel information. Wi-Fi sensors are placed at selected locations. Wi-Fi devices have a unique identifier and when the sensor communicates with a Wi-Fi-enabled device in the stream, it responds to the inquiry scan with its unique MAC address and clock information. It performs dual scanning and signal strength filtering (Patra et al., 2019). The sensors capture the information and communicate the data in real-time to a server. The server then stores the data in a database. The data consisting of the detected unique MAC addresses and corresponding timestamps are collected from the server. MAC address matching technique is used to estimate travel times (Qiao et al., 2013; Remias et al., 2017; Wasson et al., 2008). Under this technique, the same MAC address detected at two different field locations (one at the starting of the stretch and another at the end) is inquired in the database and the time difference between the two detections is calculated as the travel time in that stretch.