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Introduction to Digital Systems
Published in Dale Patrick, Stephen Fardo, Vigyan ‘Vigs’ Chandra, Electronic Digital System Fundamentals, 2020
Dale Patrick, Stephen Fardo, Vigyan ‘Vigs’ Chandra
Advanced digital systems make use of the ‘bus architecture’ by sharing communication lines for data transfer between devices. High-speed storage devices are referred to as random access memory (RAM) and retain values only while powered. Storage devices which retain their values even when powered down include several types read only memory (ROM), magnetic media such as computer hard-disks, tape, flash and optical media such as compact disk (CD) digital versatile disk (DVD). Tri-state devices offer complete electrical isolation between digital system components by permitting operation in 3 states—low, high, high-impedance. The central processing unit (CPU) consists of several chips for running programs, arithmetic and logic operations, accessing input/output and storage devices. The microprocessor is a CPU on a chip. The microcomputer is a computer on a chip.
Introduction to Microcontrollers
Published in Fernando E. Valdes-Perez, Ramon Pallas-Areny, Microcontrollers, 2017
Fernando E. Valdes-Perez, Ramon Pallas-Areny
In a microcomputer, the CPU is its microprocessor, which is the integrated circuit that carries out the operations described above. A microcontroller can be considered as a microcomputer built on a single integrated circuit or chip. Historically, microcontrollers appeared after microprocessors and followed independent paths. Microprocessors are mainly found in personal computers and workstations, as these require strong computational power, and the ability to manage large sets of data and instructions at a high speed. A very important parameter for microprocessors is the size of their internal registers (8, 16, 32, or 64 bits), as this determines the number of bits that can be processed simultaneously.
Reliability Analysis
Published in Armand A. Lakner, Ronald T. Anderson, Reliability Engineering for Nuclear and Other High Technology Systems, 2017
Software includes the programs which govern the processing of system data to command the computer to perform computational or control functions as well as self- or system-diagnostic functions. The programs for microcomputers are normally stored in ROM (read only memory) or EPROM (erasable programmable ROM) rather than in RAM (random access memory). ROM and EPROM store the program permanently, ROM is programmed during manufacturing and EPROM can be programmed in the field by the user and can be erased and reprogrammed with different input information. The basic program instructions for ROM and EPROM are generally referred to as firmware. RAM is a volatile form of memory in that the memory content is lost when power is removed.
An experimental maneuver control for rendezvous and autonomous docking of a small spacecraft
Published in SICE Journal of Control, Measurement, and System Integration, 2023
Asumi Nishimura, Katsuyoshi Tsujita
The constraints to be satisfied in the control of spacecraft motion in this study can be summarized as follows: Small spacecraft do not have abundant fuel and power sources for docking maneuvers, so consumption must be suppressed.Since the processing power of a control computer is limited to about that of a microcomputer, and it is challenging to construct a control system that requires advanced numerical calculations, the control law must be feasible for a control cycle with a processing unit as small as a microcomputer.Spacecraft thrusters can only control the on/off of the ejection jet, and the propulsion dynamics are complex.The initial relative position for docking with the target is assumed to be in a rendezvous state.In maneuver control, the final position with the target should be approaching a distance close enough to the docking ports to execute the docking procedure.
Factors affecting the design and development of responsive facades: a historical evolution
Published in Intelligent Buildings International, 2020
Negar Heidari Matin, Ali Eydgahi
Implementation of kinetic in responsive facades combined with existing technologies at the time, displayed different appearances that indicate deep influence of technology and its development (Chen, Lin, and Fan 2015). Technologies of sensing, actuating, and control systems used in buildings were first published by Popular Science Magazine with their application in remote control of garage door opener in 1931 (Veliko and Thun 2013). Control of building mechanisms such as responsive facades was advanced due to the availability of electrical components and control systems in the 1960s (Ahmed et al. 2016). The Kaufmann’s hand-operated facade was the basis for the development of motorized mechanism for blinds that were used in the Los Angeles County Hall of Records in 1962. This facade mechanism was equipped with a switch control technique to adjust pivotal actuators based on a preset algorithm (Matin, Eydgahi, and Shyu 2017). Furthermore, advances in computer engineering introduced a new possibility in central controlling of facade systems. The advancement of computer engineering provided the access to many digital systems such as mainframe computers, primitive microprocessors, desktop microcomputer, home computer and personal computer from 1960s to early 1980s (Veliko and Thun 2013). In 1967, Buckminster Fuller designed a futuristic responsive facade for the United State Pavilion at Montreal Expo 67. The technology used in this responsive facade was a soft self-regulated shading system with structural cables, which operated using a roller blind mechanism (Khoo 2013).
Development and field test of the articulated mobile robot T2 Snake-4 for plant disaster prevention
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2020
Motoyasu Tanaka, Kazuyuki Kon, Mizuki Nakajima, Nobutaka Matsumoto, Shinnosuke Fukumura, Kosuke Fukui, Hidemasa Sawabe, Masahiro Fujita, Kenjiro Tadakuma
T Snake-4 is composed of a base and a folding arm. The base has active joints and active wheels. Figure 3 shows a model of the base. We define a module to be a group of two links and a yaw joint between the two links. The modules are serially connected by the pitch joint, and a pair of active wheels are coaxially placed with respect to the pitch joint. Figure 4 shows the details of the base. We use the Dynamixel XM540-W270R and XM430-W350-R (Robotis Co., Ltd.) as actuators for the joint and wheel, respectively. The composition of joints and wheels is almost the same as those of the ACM-R4 series [20–22] and T Snake-3 [16,19]. On the head, there are two dummy wheels that have many passive rollers, a fisheye camera, and the Jetson TX2, which functions as a processor for the sensor information. On the tail, the onboard computer (an Intel compute stick) for controlling the robot and another fisheye camera are mounted. Many microcomputer units (MCUs), which are mounted on various positions on the body, intermediate between the actuators and the onboard computer, in common with T Snake-3. Table 2 compares the specifications of the T Snake-4 and T Snake-3 of [16,19].