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Economic Operation of Energy Generating Systems
Published in Amitava Sil, Saikat Maity, Industrial Power Systems, 2022
A variety of indices have been developed to measure reliability and its cost in power systems area such as (i) Loss of Load Probability (LOLP) that evaluates the probability that the system load might exceed the available generating capacity. Loss of load occurs only when the system load exceeds the generating capacity in service. The probabilities of generating capacity levels are combined with the probabilities of load magnitudes to get the LOLP [25–27]. LOLP does not give indications about the frequency of occurrence or likely duration of a generation deficit. (ii) Loss of Load Expectation (LOLE) evaluates the expected number of hours per month or year that an electricity production park cannot meet its demand. LOLE values are generally deduced from a much longer-term average; (iii) Expected Frequency of Load Curtailment and Expected Duration of Load Curtailment.
Simulation and Optimization of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Hybrid Power, 2021
Among 98 studies performed in the survey by Faccio et al. [3] concerning the design and optimization of the HRESs, load demand was cited 30 times. The most important load factors which have been considered to affect the reliability of the system are the LLP (loss of load probability) and the LPSP which have a significant impact on the performance and reliability of the system. Loss of load is determined from energy deficit which is the amount of required energy provided by the load at a certain hour, which cannot be covered by various generation or storage sources.
>Mechanisms of ageing
Published in Frank Collins, Frédéric Blin, Ageing of Infrastructure, 2018
Several of the factors described in Physical Interaction and Structural Degradation mechanisms (discussed earlier) overlap with Mechanical degradation and therefore duplication of particular factors will be avoided. The performance demands of built infrastructure necessitate that mechanical actions be accommodated. The worst-case scenarios are the resultant deterioration and loss of load-carrying capacity/functionality and potential collapse. The types of mechanical ageing are broad:
The Key Attributes, Functional Requirements, and Design Features of Resilient Nuclear Power Plants (rNPPs)
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2018
The ability of a power plant to substitute an alternate thermal or electrical load when confronted with a loss-of-load event would reduce the severity of reactor power maneuvers required to cope with such events. This concept is, of course, the basis for the incorporation of robust turbine bypass and high-capacity main steam condenser systems in existing commercial PWRs. Current PWRs also dump steam directly to the atmosphere via special main steam relief values during reactor startup and plant trips. However, neither of these systems are designed for sustained continuous operation at high power.8 rNPP designers could expand the use of this load switching concept to enable rNPPs to avoid reactor scram and continue to operate at relatively high power levels (whether connected to the Grid or in Island Mode) in the face of extreme load anomalies.