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Smart Grid Cyber Security Threats and Solutions
Published in Baseem Khan, Om Prakash Mahela, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Hassan Haes Alhelou, Deregulated Electricity Structures and Smart Grids, 2022
Vasundhara Mahajan, Neeraj Kumar Singh, Praveen Kumar Gupta, Atul Kumar Yadav, Soumya Mudagal
Electric power grid networks are flexible and complex cyber-physical systems. The physical layer consists of conventional/modern power plants, transmission and distribution networks. And the cyber layer consists of communication infrastructure used for the exchange of data throughout the electrical power grid. For proper operation of the power grid, the physical systems rely on cyber infrastructure communication. Due to extensive use of communication infrastructure the power grid network comes under “critical infrastructure”. The most basic unit of this critical infrastructure is power substations which play a vital role between generation, transmission and distribution. It consists of advanced information technology and automated systems with an energy management system installed for proper monitoring and control. The power outages through substation can be caused by equipment failure, climatic conditions and human errors. Much research has been conducted on the previously stated issues and the new concept of self-healing substation. But due to the presence of a large cyber network in the substation, the power grid is likely to be vulnerable to cyber intrusion. Like the stuxnet cyber intrusion on industrial Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system infected approximately 90,000 computers worldwide [20]. So in order to mitigate cyber intrusion in power substation an engineer/researcher must know about the vulnerabilities regarding substation.
Contribution of Microgrids to the Development of the Smart Grid
Published in David Bakken, Krzysztof Iniewski, Smart Grids, 2017
Tine L. Vandoorn, Lieven Vandevelde
It is important to note that the grid fails more often than most people realize. In an average year, according to a 2008 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) study, the power is out for an average of 92 min in the Midwest and 214 min in the Northeast of the United States. Many of these power outages are weather related, such as caused by tornadoes, hurricanes or tropical storms, ice storms, lightning, wind, and rain. According to the Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, 100–200 million people were affected by weather-related disasters between 1980 and 2009, with economic losses ranging from $50 billion to $100 billion annually. Another possible reason for grid outages is that much of the infrastructure that serves the US power grid is aging. The average age of power plants is over 30 years, with most of these facilities having a life expectancy of 40 years [34]. Electric transmission and distribution system components are similarly aging, with power transformers averaging over 40 years of age and 70% of the transmission lines being 25 years old or older. LBNL statistics show that 80%–90% of all grid failures in North America originate at the distribution level of electricity service [3,23]. For instance, momentary sags and surges on local distribution feeders are a common cause of breakdowns and work stoppages at high-tech facilities such as semiconductor fabs, research labs, and data centers. The remaining 10% of the grid failures stem from generation and transmission problems, which can cause wider-scale outages affecting larger numbers of customers.
Site Security
Published in W. David Yates, Safety Professional’s Reference and Study Guide, 2020
Power outages can result in damaged equipment. For this reason, the security plan must address the procedures to follow to manage the event until the power has been restored, including shutdown procedures. The contact numbers for all utilities should be included in the emergency response plan, such as electrical, gas, and water utilities.
Green supply chain management: a renewable energy planning and dynamic inventory operations for perishable products
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2023
Jingsi Huang, Dongwei Xie, Yunzhe Qiu, Jianxiao Wang, Jie Song
Thereby the interruption of the power supply brings serious loss to the cold storage and further impairs the safety of the food supply chain. According to the national power supply reliability index released by the National Energy Administration of China in 2020, the average power outage time duration nationwide is 13.72 hours per household with an annual frequency of 2.99 times. The ripple effect caused by the power supply interruption can directly affect all stages of cold chain management and may need to change the structure of the perishable supply chain (Dolgui, Ivanov, and Sokolov 2018).To withstand power outages and to prevent the ripple effect on the cold chain to guarantee food security, traditional cold storage parks are usually equipped with backup diesel generators. However, the emergence of renewable energy and the launch of governmental documents on carbon emission and reduction propel the substitution of traditional fossil energy, and facilities in the cold chain started to combine renewable energy microgrids (REM) in their daily or emergency operations. The Chinese logistics industry has been at the forefront of the carbon reduction policy. Jingdong has built the first REM-supported low-carbon logistics park (EqualOcean 2022) in China, which has installed roof-distributed photovoltaic power generation systems and energy storage systems. Combined with an intelligent energy efficiency management platform, the park attains the self-energised ability, and meanwhile, neutralises greenhouse gas emissions, which plays an exemplary role in society.
Toward a standardized framework for thermal resilience modelling and its practical application to futureproofing
Published in Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2022
Ted Kesik, William O’brien, Aylin Ozkan
The recommended timing and duration of extreme weather events used to properly assess passive habitability correspond to a prolonged extreme weather event coinciding with an extended power outage. Historically, power outages can last for periods ranging from several hours to several weeks and it must be recognized that in extremely hot and cold climates, it may not be possible to provide passive habitability for more than a few days. Ideally, the building should be able to provide habitable shelter until either power is restored or emergency evacuation of the inhabitants can be carried out. A third alternative is to provide a place of refuge within the building where displaced inhabitants can reside until such time as power can be restored, or evacuation to actively conditioned shelter can be carried out.