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Communication Techniques
Published in B K Bala, Energy Systems Modeling and Policy Analysis, 2022
In electric substation automation, the operations center (or master control center or SCADA master station) receives and processes data from several substations and takes appropriate measures for remote substation control (IEEE, 2008). The master station system may use an open and distributed architecture. There can also be multiple master stations, and accordingly, different topologies can be used to interconnect them for synchronizing grid operational data. Each master station (manned) is supported with a backup/emergency master station (unmanned) and is continuously synchronized with a primary master station database.
Advanced Protection and Control for the Smart Grid
Published in Stuart Borlase, Smart Grids, 2018
Jens Schoene, Muhammad Humayun, Stuart Borlase, Marco C. Janssen, Michael Pesin
An electrical substation is a focal point of an electricity generation, transmission, and distribution system where the voltage is transformed from high to low or reverse using transformers. Electric power flows through several substations between generating plants and consumer and usually is changed in voltage in several steps. There are different kinds of substations, such as transmission substations, distribution substations, collector substations, and switching substation. The general functions of a substation include the following:
Smart Grid Technologies
Published in Stuart Borlase, Smart Grids, 2017
An electrical substation is a focal point of an electricity generation, transmission, and distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or reverse using transformers. Electric power flows through several substations between generating plants and consumer and usually is changed in voltage in several steps. There are different kinds of substations such as transmission substations, distribution substations, collector substations, and switching substation. The general functions of a substation include the following: Voltage transformationConnection point for transmission and distribution power linesSwitchyard for electrical transmission and/or distribution system configurationMonitoring point for control centerProtection of power lines and apparatusCommunication with other substations and regional control center
Probabilistic loss assessment of a seismic retrofit technique for medium- and high-voltage transformer bushing systems in high seismicity regions
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2021
Electrical substations, which are vital components of the electric power network, have exhibited significant seismic vulnerability in past earthquakes worldwide including the 1989 Loma Prieta (Villaverde, Pardoen, & Carnalla, 2001) and 1994 Northridge (Schiff, 1997) earthquakes in the United States (US), the 1995 Kobe (Schiff, 1999) earthquake in Japan and the 1999 Izmit (Tang, 2000) earthquake in Turkey. An essential component to a functional electrical substation is the power transformer, which is designed and used to transfer power between multiple circuits. Of the components of an electrical transformer, bushing systems are both crucial to its continued operation and functionality, as well as highly brittle and fragile under extreme ground shaking. According to the HAZUS earthquake disaster technical manual (FEMA 2010), 115 kV bushings are classified as “low voltage”, 230 kV bushings are classified as “medium voltage”, and bushings of 500 kV capacity and above are considered “high voltage”. A sample cross section of a typical power transformer can be shown in Figure 1.
Game theory and hybrid genetic algorithm for energy management and real-time pricing in smart grid: the Tunisian case
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2020
Mohamed Maddouri, Habib Elkhorchani, Khaled Grayaa
In this section, relying on the architecture of the suggested model presented in Figure 8, we will present the simulation results after investing MOHGA to optimize the energy distribution in accordance with two factors: the available real power put forward by the suppliers and the proposed cost of each of the following sources: the solar farm, the wind farm 1, the wind farm 2 and the electrical substation of Beja. Since the objective function captures real-time cost and energy losses, our objective is to minimize these two factors while respecting constraints mentioned in section 2.
Electromagnetic field and artificial intelligence based fault detection and classification system for the transmission lines in smart grid
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Chetan Khadse, Abhijeet A. Patharkar, Bharat S. Chaudhari
The transmission line plays a crucial role in the electrical power system. It is essential to detect the faults and isolate the fault that occurs in the transmission line. Early detection of faults in the transmission line leads to an increase in reliability and reduction in service and maintenance cost (Hewitson, Brown, and Balakrishnan 2005). The monitoring of the current and voltage plays a significant role in detection of a fault in the transmission line. The accurate detection of faults depend upon precise monitoring. The current and voltage, both signals are required for the accuracy in most of the fault identification techniques. The high impedance faults in power distribution system are diagnosed in Ghaderi, Ginn, and Mohammadpour (2017) with the help of current and voltage signals. The power line communication technique-based impedance fault is diagnosed in Milioudis, Andreou, and Labridis (2012a). The similar approach is found in Milioudis, Andreou, and Labridis (2012b). The phasor measurement unit-based impedance fault detection is done in Kargar and Zanjani (2012) which also uses current and voltage signal. The distance protection along with localization using current and voltage signal is proposed in Lee et al. (2006). Nowadays, current transformer (CT) and potential transformer are used for the acquisition of current and voltage signals at the electrical substation. For this purpose, minimum three current transformers are required at each end of the transmission line. It is not economical when it comes to high-voltage lines. The performance of CT may be limited during fault transient due to its core saturation. There is also a physical contact required between instrument transformer and high-voltage line in conventional system. It leads to the adherence of strict safety rules. To overcome such issues and to enhance the reliability and accuracy in the fault detection, magnetic field sensors are one of the promising solutions. The magnetic sensors transform the current in transmission line into horizontal and vertical magnetic fields. Instead of current, these magnetic fields can be used for analysis of the faults in the transmission lines. The different fault types give rise to different pattern of waveforms. If the patterns are recognized with artificial intelligence technique, the fault types can be detected and classified.