China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Computer and Its Environment
Published in Pranabananda Chakraborty, Computer Organisation and Architecture, 2020
Rapid progress in the fabrication of LSI chips, however, made it eventually possible to have a tiny-sized full-fledged general-purpose CPU or processor of similar types on such a single IC or occasionally, a combination of several ICs called the microprocessor. In 1971, the world’s first microprocessor has been introduced; the notable one out of many such processors that came from Intel (Integrated Electronics, Inc.) was the Intel 4004 containing all the components of a 4-bit CPU (microprocessor-programmable controller) on a single chip. Intel quickly introduced 8008, the first 8-bit microprocessor in1972, and finally launched a full-fledged microprocessor, the 8080 in 1973, that was declared as the first one designed to be exactly a complete CPU of a general-purpose microcomputer system. Soon, an upgraded version of 8080, the 8085, the last 8-bit general-purpose microprocessor, was introduced by Intel in 1977. At the same time, Motorola, a strong challenger of Intel in semiconductor industry in those days, introduced the product 6800, an 8-bit machine comparable to 8080 and widely used as an embedded controller in the industrial equipment. Many other reputed companies also launched their 8-bit microprocessor product with their own distinctive features, and the notable ones are Zilog (Z-80, a machine language compatible with Intel 8085), Fairchild (F-8), National Semiconductor (IMP-8), and Rockwell International (PPS-8).
Substation Communications
Published in John D. McDonald, Electric Power Substations Engineering, 2017
The introduction of the microprocessor with the Intel 4004 in 1971 (see http://www.intel4004.com for a fascinating history) opened the door for increasing sophistication in RTU design that is still continuing today. Traditional point-oriented RTUs that reported discrete events and analog quantities could be built in a fraction of the physical size required by previous discrete designs. More intelligence could be introduced into the device to increase its functionality. For the first time RTUs could be built, which reported quantities in engineering units rather than as raw binary values. One early design developed at Northern States Power Company in 1972 used the Intel 4004 as the basis for a standardized environmental data acquisition and retrieval (SEDAR) system, which collected, logged, and reported environmental information in engineering units using only 4 kB of program memory and 512 nibbles (half-bytes) of data memory.
The Evolution of Cloud Computing
Published in John W. Rittinghouse, James F. Ransome, Cloud Computing, 2017
John W. Rittinghouse, James F. Ransome
Kilby’s invention started an explosion in third-generation computers. Even though the first integrated circuit was produced in September 1958, microchips were not used in computers until 1963. While mainframe computers like the IBM 360 increased storage and processing capabilities even further, the integrated circuit allowed the development of minicomputers that began to bring computing into many smaller businesses. Large-scale integration of circuits led to the development of very small processing units, the next step along the evolutionary trail of computing. In November 1971, Intel released the world’s fi commercial microprocessor, the Intel 4004 (Figure 1.4). The 4004 was the first complete CPU on one chip and became the first commercially available microprocessor. It was possible because of the development of new silicon gate technology that enabled engineers to integrate a much greater number of transistors on a chip that would perform at a much faster speed. This development enabled the rise of the fourth-generation computer platforms.
Hotspot Analysis of Double-Layer Microchannel Heat Sinks
Published in Heat Transfer Engineering, 2019
The invention of the transistor in 1948 [1] led to the development of integrated circuits in 1958 [2], which played a key role in the development of the first general purpose programmable microprocessor, the Intel 4004 in 1971 [3]. The 4004, a four-bit microprocessor manufactured using 10 µm lithography, had 2300 transistors and a thermal design power (TDP) of only 1 W [3]. In 1965, the cofounder of the Intel Corporation, Gordon Moore, presented a simple observation that in an integrated circuit the number of transistors doubles in every couple of years [4]. With the relentless advancement in lithographic techniques, an astonishing number of transistors can be manufactured into an increasingly smaller microprocessor die size [5]. Recently, researchers at IBM developed a microprocessor with 5.4 billion transistors [6]. Transistors with significantly improved performance can be fabricated with advancements in fabrication technology. However, the general trend follows an increase in the TDP due to the increased quantity of transistors.