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Creativity invention and innovation
Published in Riadh Habash, Green Engineering, 2017
Diffusion of innovation is defined as the process by which innovations spread among users (Johnson et al. 2011). Rogers (2003) defines diffusion as “the process in which an innovation is communicated thorough certain channels over time among the members of a social system.” As expressed in this definition, innovation, communication channels, time, and social system are the four key components of the diffusion of innovations. In fact, much diffusion research involves technological innovations, so Rogers (2003) usually used the words “technology” and “innovation” as synonyms. For Rogers, “a technology is a design for instrumental action that reduces the uncertainty in the cause–effect relationships involved in achieving a desired outcome.” It is composed of two parts: hardware and software. While hardware is “the tool that embodies the technology in the form of a material or physical object,” software is “the information base for the tool.” Since software (as a technological innovation) has a low level of observability, its rate of adoption is quite slow.
Signal Conversion Methods
Published in Clarence W. de Silva, Sensor Systems, 2016
Motherboard: The motherboard (or main board or system board) of a computer represents interconnected key hardware components of a computer. External devices and I/O ports are also connected to the motherboard through a computer bus. Various IC packages and other hardware devices are mounted on the motherboard, which is located in the computer housing. Other devices (various cards including DAQ) are mounted in the expansion slots of the computer housing. A typical architecture of a computer motherboard is shown in Figure 4.8a. It shows the main components such as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and clock; expansion slots for hardware such as DAQ, network card, video card, storage, sound card, and memory expansion card; and I/O ports for peripheral devices and communication, such as monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, scanner, external storage, and local area network.
Distributed Control System (DCS)
Published in Chanchal Dey, Sunit Kumar Sen, Industrial Automation Technologies, 2020
Ethernet protocol consists of low-level physical and data link layers, usually employed in bus or star topology. Here, data link layer is divided into two sublayers: Logical Link Control (LLC) and MAC. LLC establishes the transmission paths between computers or devices on a network. On a network, the network interface card has a unique hardware address which identifies a computer or peripheral device. The hardware address is used for the MAC sublayer addressing. Ethernet uses the MAC hardware addresses for the source and destination for each packet transmitted.
HardOps: utilising the software development toolchain for hardware design
Published in International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2022
Julian Stirling, Kaspar Bumke, Joel Collins, Vimal Dhokia, Richard Bowman
The term ‘hardware’ in this context refers to mechanical devices or components that can be machined or assembled, and also to electronics such as circuit boards, sensors, and cables. In this work field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and any other form of custom silicon chips are not considered as hardware. FPGAs and ASICs are ‘gateware’ sitting somewhere between firmware and hardware. Gateware is generally written in hardware description languages (HDLs) that can be simulated and are compiled to binary bitstreams that configure the FPGAs. As such, software source control and automation can more easily be applied to Gateware. Hardware, as defined above, faces a different set of challenges; HardOps seeks to address these challenges.