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Cancerous or Non-Cancerous Cell Detection on a Field-Programmable Gate Array Medical Image Segmentation Using Xilinx System
Published in Neeraj Mohan, Surbhi Gupta, Chuan-Ming Liu, Society 5.0 and the Future of Emerging Computational Technologies, 2022
C. Gopala Krishnan, Prasannavenkatesan Theerthagiri, A.H. Nishan
The proposed architecture includes nine blocks for allocating separate blocks of memory starting from preprocessor stage to final algorithm implementations. The preprocessing stage is used to get the samples of value from the CANCER signal, which is given by the CANCER main processor module. For the denoising feature extraction and classification, we are using the DHT module, ANFIS module, and CANCER norm selections modules. The SRAM and mux modules are used to hold the process operations and select the signal conditions, respectively. The proposed modules are used to create the block of the stationary wavelet transform (SWF), which is used for noise reduction of the CANCER signals. Cache memory is high-speed memory that can be used to speed up data processing. A CPU case is a case in which the central processing unit of a computer is used to reduce access to average memory. Cache is a small, fast memory that stores copies of data with frequently used critical memory.
Vehicle Controllers and Communication
Published in Iqbal Husain, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, 2021
There are five basic types of memory: RAM, ROM, EPROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) and flash memory. A RAM has the capability to both read and write so that the stored information can be retrieved (read) and new information can be stored (write). This type of memory is typically of static type, which means that the memory contents are lost once the microcontroller is powered down. The ROM allows data to be read from, but do not allow writing into the memory. ROM is a non-volatile memory that retains its contents even after power is removed. ROM is used for storing the user code that does not change during execution of the software instructions. The EPROM devices allow the user to apply ultraviolet ray to erase the contents of the memory and reprogram it. EPROMs are generally used during the development stage when the user’s code often changes. The EEPROM is a type of ROM whose contents can be erased electrically and reprogrammed. Flash memory is the latest type of non-volatile memory similar to an EEPROM. Once programmed, the contents of the flash memory remain intact until an erase cycle is initiated through software, and the device has not been powered down. The contents of flash memory can be erased electrically.
Memory-Related Macros
Published in Murat Uzam, PIC16F1847 Microcontroller-Based Programmable Logic Controller, 2020
There are three basic memory types used in computers, PLCs, microcontrollers, etc., namely flash memory, SRAM, and EEPROM. Flash memory is an electronic (solid-state) non-volatile storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. In PLCs, flash memory is mainly used to store programs. They can also be used to store constants. SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) uses flip-flop circuitry to store each bit, but it is still volatile memory as it will lose its contents when power is lost. PLCs use this memory for running the central CPU. SRAM is used to store variables. EEPROM (Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) is a type of non-volatile memory used to store relatively small amounts of data but allowing individual bytes to be erased and reprogrammed.
Building memory devices from biocomposite electronic materials
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2020
Xuechao Xing, Meng Chen, Yue Gong, Ziyu Lv, Su-Ting Han, Ye Zhou
Since the birth of the first computer, the structure of the modern computer system is still based on the von Neumann principle, which is mainly composed of five parts: memory, arithmetic, controller, input equipment and output equipment. Among them, memory is used to store all kinds of data, which is an indispensable part of the computer. In addition, memory can be divided into volatile memory and non-volatile memory according to the data storing time in the memory. Volatile memory, where information is lost after a power outage, is mainly used to store programs that are used for a short period of time, such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM) [22–24]. The non-volatile memory can retain stored information after switching off the power, such as flash memory. With the popularization of mobile phones, digital cameras and other portable electronic devices, non-volatile memory is playing an increasingly important role in modern human’s daily life. With progresses of science and technology, the application of new non-volatile memory will bring a qualitative change to the performance of computers and people’s operating habits. The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductor (ITRS), released in 2013, recommends RRAM after classifying and evaluating new types of memory currently being studied, and recommends acceleration of the commercialization.
Radiation-Induced Damage–Based System and Method for Indirectly Monitoring High-Dose Ionizing Radiation
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2018
Karen Colins, Yu Liu, Liqian Li, Kiranpreet Birdee
Read-only memory (ROM) plays an important role in modern computing systems to store lookup tables for the evaluation of mathematical and logical functions, etc. Also, a typical IC is sensitive to radiation damage. In past decades, several types of nonvolatile ROM were invented and then widely used in different fields. Among them, ultraviolet-erasable programmable ROM (EPROM) needs only one transistor for one cell, but it requires high voltage for programming. In contrast, an EEPROM cell consists of two transistors, and the high voltage for program/erase is internally generated. An EEPROM is programmed by forcing an electrical charge (a range of 105 to 106 electrons) onto a polysilicon floating gate. When the charge is present, it represents a logical value of false, or 0, and when this charge is not present, it represents a logical value of true, or 1.
Cache performance of NV-STT-MRAM with scale effect and comparison with SRAM
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2022
Zitong Zhang, Wenjie Wang, Pingping Yu, Yanfeng Jiang
Based on the traditional architecture of the CPU, the cache structure is used to connect the CPU and the main memory for the data exchange. The existence of the cache can diminish the unbalanced speeds between the CPU and the memory. The CPU fetches the instructions from main memory, while its speed depending on fetching speed. Cache memory is a kind of very high-speed memory that is placed between the CPU and main memory to solve the problem of speed mismatch in different structures. The schematic of the CPU system is shown in Figure 1.