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Wiring PLCs and I/O devices
Published in Raymond F. Gardner, Introduction to Plant Automation and Controls, 2020
Power-supply types can be unregulated, linear, or switching. Unregulated power supplies lack the feedback circuitry that controls the output voltage, which decreases as the amperage draw increases. If the unregulated power supply meets the load current while maintaining the minimum voltage requirement of the load, then the unregulated supply is a cheaper alternative. However, it is important to size the power supply adequately, as the power supply naturally increases the output current as the voltage drops to meet the power required by the load, which can cause overheating of the supply or load. The unregulated supply should have built-in capacitors to stiffen the dc voltage during transients. The regulated power supply includes feedback circuitry to fix the output voltage.
Switched-Mode Power Supplies
Published in Vinod Kumar, Ranjan Kumar Behera, Dheeraj Joshi, Ramesh Bansal, Power Electronics, Drives, and Advanced Applications, 2020
Vinod Kumar, Ranjan Kumar Behera, Dheeraj Joshi, Ramesh Bansal
Traditionally, linear power supplies have been used, but advancement in semiconductor technology has led to switching power supplies, which are smaller in size and lighter in weight with improved efficiency as compared to linear power supplies. The behavior of the linear power supply is identical to the switching power supply when viewed as a black box with input and output terminals. The basic difference is that a continuous load current is regulated by the linear supply to maintain constant load voltage, whereas the switching power supply regulates the constant current flow by chopping the input voltage and the duty cycle.
Electrolyzer systems
Published in Leonard W. Casson, James W. Bess, Conversion to On-Site Sodium Hypochlorite Generation, 2019
Leonard W. Casson, James W. Bess
Switching power supplies - Switching power supplies operate at a high frequencies, normally in the range of 10 to 200 kHz. While there are large units that will accept 480 V 3 phase input power, normally this type of rectification operates with 110/220 V AC single phase power. High frequency devices will have a power factor of 0.99 and efficiencies of 75 to 85%. Higher output systems will eventually be available and should be utilized to assure further reductions in operating cost. Switching power supplies offer the advantage of a very small transformer resulting from a high operating frequency.
Solar PV Combined Efficient Torque Control of BLDC Motor Using Salp Swarm Optimization
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2023
G. Jayabaskaran, S. Suresh, B. Gopinath, M. Geetha
A VSI is a power electronic device that converts direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC). This conversion is achieved by switching the DC current on and off in different sequences to create a sinusoidal output waveform. VSIs are used in a variety of applications, including motor drives, solar and wind power systems, electrical grid interconnections, and uninterruptible power supplies. Depending on the application, VSIs are available in several different configurations. The most common configuration is the three-phase bridge VSI, which consists of three legs with three switches in each leg. The switches are connected in series or parallel to form a bridge circuit that is used to control the current and voltage of the output AC waveform. Other configurations include the unipolar VSI, which uses two switches in a single leg to generate an AC waveform for very low power applications, and the two-level VSI, which can generate a higher power output with two separate DC sources. Each configuration has its benefits and drawbacks, and the choice of configuration should be based on the specific application.
Simultaneous switching noise mitigation in high speed pcb using novel planar EBG structure
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2023
Source noise may be caused by signal, power supply or surge. The rapid transition of a signal from 0 to 1 creates noise in digital circuitry. To run digital circuits, the signal level is switched between 0s and 1s. High-frequency current enters the circuit while switching signal levels. Signal, power and ground planes all carry current. The power supply is also a source of EMI. While the voltage remains constant, the current changes (Zhu et al., 2019). The electric circuit includes a large quantity of high-frequency electricity. Because the power plane is shared by the PCBs, the noise created is likewise shared. Leakage current in switching power supplies is another cause of noise. Another form of noise is a rapid increase in power supply, which may cause catastrophic or latent circuit failures.
Improved Plasma Vertical Position Control on TCV Using Model-Based Optimized Controller Synthesis
Published in Fusion Science and Technology, 2022
Federico Pesamosca, Federico Felici, Stefano Coda, Cristian Galperti
It is further specified that the input pole vector, or pole direction, can be obtained from a singular value decomposition of the matrix , with and real matrices for Eq. (1), where the input pole vector is the first column of corresponding to the only infinite singular value of the unstable RZIp system. Note finally that the choice of inputs and outputs can be performed independently, which allows for applying this theory for input selection only. In the present study, the norm of the control sensitivity determines the largest voltage request to the power supplies in any coil combination in response to a plasma position disturbance at any frequency, thus should be kept small to avoid voltage saturation of the power supplies.