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Configuration and Management of Networked Embedded Devices
Published in Richard Zurawski, Networked Embedded Systems, 2017
In this chapter, we look at the state-of-the-art mechanisms for handling these tasks. A considerable number of mature solutions for configuration and management exist in the context of fieldbus systems. A fieldbus system is a network for industrial manufacturing plants. It thus instruments fieldbus nodes with sensors, actuators, valves, console lights, switches, and contactors. Challenges for fieldbus systems are interoperability, real-time communication, robustness, and support for management and configuration. Thus, fieldbus systems have evolved a set of interesting concepts for supporting setup, configuration, monitoring, and maintenance of embedded devices connected to a fieldbus. Twenty years ago, a typical process automation plant consisted of various field devices from half a dozen vendors. Each device had its own setup program with different syntax for the same semantics. The data from the devices often differed in the data formats and the routines to interface each device [1]. Since that time, a lot of fieldbus configuration and management methods have been devised.
Interbus
Published in Richard Zurawski, Industrial Communication Technology Handbook, 2017
The growing degree of automation in machines and systems also increases the amount of cabling required for parallel wiring due to the large number of input/output (I/O) points. This brings with it increased configuration, installation, start-up, and maintenance effort. The cable requirements are often high because, for example, special cables are required for the transmission of analog values. Parallel field wiring thus entails serious cost and time factors. In comparison, the serial networking of components in the field using fieldbus systems is much more cost-effective. The fieldbus replaces the bundle of parallel cables with a single bus cable and connects all levels, from the field to the control level. Regardless of the type of automation device used, for example, programmable logic controllers (PLCs) from various manufacturers or PC-based control systems, the fieldbus transmission medium networks all components. They can be distributed anywhere in the field and are all connected locally. This provides a powerful communication network for today’s rationalization concepts. There are numerous advantages to a fieldbus system in comparison with parallel wiring: the reduced amount of cabling saves time during planning and installation, while the cabling, terminal blocks, and the control cabinet dimensions are also reduced. Self-diagnostics minimize downtimes and maintenance times. Open fieldbus systems standardize data transmission and device connection regardless of the manufacturer. The user is therefore independent of any manufacturer-specific standards. The system can be easily extended or modified, offering flexibility as well as investment protection (Figure 15.1).
Distributed Control System (DCS)
Published in Chanchal Dey, Sunit Kumar Sen, Industrial Automation Technologies, 2020
Fieldbus is a digital, serial, asynchronous, bidirectional, multi-drop communication link among intelligent measurement and control devices. Fieldbus was introduced for use as an open standard for the different layers of industrial automation network. Depending on the area of application, Fieldbuses may be classified into four classes – Sensor bus, Device bus, Field bus, and Enterprise bus.
Industrial big-data-driven and CPS-based adaptive production scheduling for smart manufacturing
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2021
Figure 1(a) roughly describes the static structure of the CPPS environment, which consists of physical space and cyber space. The physical space refers to the actual manufacturing system, in which interconnectivity is established among various entities (such as machines and products) via information collectors and controllers (fieldbus, industrial Ethernet, wireless networks and other technologies). The cyber space corresponds to the virtual system, which maps and synchronises the actual system. We call this the ‘mirror system’ of the actual manufacturing system. To support research into adaptive scheduling, we further expand the concept by adding an additionalvirtual system, which is an ideal manufacturing system driven by a simulation model. We call this the simulation system. Through data visualisation and process visualisation in these two virtual systems (mirror and simulation), we establish the static structure of the CPPS environment for adaptive scheduling. Using this CPPS structure and its operation, online monitoring, analysis, and decision-making can then be implemented.
A game-theoretic method for resilient control design in industrial multi-agent CPSs with Markovian and coupled dynamics
Published in International Journal of Control, 2021
Jiajun Shen, Xiangshen Ye, Dongqin Feng
In addition, the research approach of multi-agent control problems can be categorised according to centralised and decentralised information structure (LePape, 1990). In practical industrial multi-agent CPSs, bus and star topology are widely applied in most of fieldbus and industrial Ethernet technologies, such as Profibus, ProfiNet, EtherCAT, CANopen, Modbus, FF (Foundation Fieldbus), EPA (Ethernet for plant automation), etc. In addition, high real-time performance guarantees that each agent can collect the information/data/command messages from all the other agents, proceed/compute and make response to them promptly (in a quite short time period). Take EPA as an instance, due to its CSME (Communication Scheduling Management Entity) mechanism and PTP (Precise Time Protocol) realised in MAC layer, it can realise high-precision time synchronisation where skew is of nanosecond-level, and meanwhile the macro cycle time is of microsecond/millisecond-level (Lu et al., 2011; Thomesse, 2005). It indicates the reasonability and availability of applying CA setting and corresponding centralised information structure to our industrial multi-agent CPSs case.
Virtual commissioning for an Overhead Hoist Transporter in a semiconductor FAB
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2020
Joo Y. Lee, Kwanwoo Lee, Sangchul Park
Discrete event simulation technology (Klingstam and Gullander 1999; Anglani et al. 2002; Park 2005) has been considered an essential tool in terms of verification of production systems, such as semiconductor FABs, automotive assembly lines, and shipbuilding yards. However, the conventional simulation methods, handling large production systems, may not be suitable for the detailed verification of the OHT control software, since they are assuming a simulation model with high abstraction level (Park, Park, and Wang 2008) which does not represent the details of the mechanical and electrical features of an OHT. For example, the OHT controller communicates with the mechanical part of the OHT (actuators and sensors) by using the ‘EtherCAT’ (Ethernet for Control Automation Technology) protocol which is an Ethernet-based fieldbus system supporting the real-time computing requirements in automation technology. For the full verification of the OHT controller, it is necessary to have a simulation model including the EtherCAT based communication mechanism with proper abstraction level.