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Introduction to Electric Motors
Published in Wei Tong, Mechanical Design and Manufacturing of Electric Motors, 2022
Electric motors are devices that convert electrical energy into magnetic energy and finally into mechanical energy. Electromagnetism is the basis of electric motor operation by generating magnetic forces necessary to produce either rotational or linear motion. For rotating electric motors, it is the interaction between the stator and rotor magnetic fields that creates motor torque to drive external loads.
Introduction—Electricity’s Attributes
Published in Clark W. Gellings, 2 Emissions with Electricity, 2020
Electricity, or more precisely electromagnetic energy, is the only energy form which can provide a “gateway” to the electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all frequencies of electromagnetic radiation.
Electric Machines
Published in Patrick Hossay, Automotive Innovation, 2019
As always, let’s start at the beginning. Motors function by exploiting electromagnetic force, one of the four fundamental forces of nature. As might be obvious from the name, electromagnetism defines a relationship between magnetism and electricity. In fact, magnetic and electric forces are really fundamentally the same sort of thing; both are defined by the exchange of photons between charged particles, called an exchange force. In our case, the particles are electrons. You can think of photons as elementary particles or waves that act as force carriers, traveling between electrons and exerting force, and defining both electric and magnetic fields.
Comparison of Heuristic Approaches in Weight Optimization of Different Power Levels Transformers
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Murat Toren, Hakki Mollahasanoglu
In addition to the generation, transmission, and distribution of electrical energy, transformers are used in most areas where electrical energy is available. Transformers operate on the principle of transferring electrical energy through the electromagnetic field, and because of their static operation, they are highly efficient electrical machines. The weight and size parameters affecting transformer efficiency are among the most important disadvantages of transformers. Therefore, efforts are being made to minimize the disadvantages that affect the efficiency and operating system of the transformer. The transformer weights should be optimum according to their performance, and they should be designed accordingly. This is also important for the transformer portability and compactness. Today, in addition to applying the classic methods, dimensional improvements can now be carried out using heuristic optimization methods. Heuristic methods are used in many sectors, and are also frequently used in the solution of different problems in various engineering fields. Applicable solutions can be obtained using these methods, which have emerged from observing, understanding, and imitating the behavior of living creatures. These methods can be grouped according to the areas by which they are inspired, e.g. biological-based, physics-based, social-based, music-based, sports-based, evolutionary-based, and chemistry-based. These groups can be used either separately or together by creating hybrid systems [1].
Beyond geometric complexity: a critical review of complexity theory and how it relates to architecture engineering and construction
Published in Architectural Science Review, 2019
Evangelos Pantazis, David Jason Gerber
There have been terms for complexity in everyday language since the antiquity, however, the idea of treating it as a coherent scientific concept is quite new (Wolfram 2002). The multiplicity of definitions of complexity is an impediment in developing a clear understanding and indicates a lack of a unifying framework. In fact, many complexity definitions researched in this paper represent variations of a few underlying schemes (Crutchfield 1994; Feldman and Crutchfield 1998). As a historical analog to the problem of defining and measuring complexity is the problem of describing electromagnetism before Maxwell’s equations. In the context of electromagnetism, quantities such as electric and magnetic forces that arose in different experimental contexts were originally considered as fundamentally different (Lloyd 2001). It is now common sense that electricity and magnetism are in fact closely related aspects of the same fundamental quantity, the electromagnetic field. Similarly, researchers in biology, computer science and engineering have been faced with issues of complexity but due to the prevailing concept of reductionism, they have considered them within the bounds of their own discipline. Providing a general overview (taxonomy) of complexity and its implications for architectural design is considered necessary for being able to handle the increasing complexity of AEC.
Investigating the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of copper/cotton full Milano and 1 × 1 rib weft-knitted fabrics
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2019
Hamed Mohammadi Mofarah, Saeed Shaikhzadeh Najar, Seyed Mohammad Etrati
The electromagnetic spectrum starts from low-frequency electromagnetic waves, and ends with X-rays, and gamma rays. Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the spectrum of electromagnetic waves. A schematic model for transmission of electromagnetic (EM) waves through a homogeneous object is shown in Figure 2. According to the model, it can be seen that there are three different states that determine how the EM field strength is losing due to its interaction with the object: absorption, reflection and transmission attenuation (Roh, Chi, Kang, & Nam, 2008).