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Petroleum Geophysical Survey
Published in Muhammad Abdul Quddus, Petroleum Science and Technology, 2021
Magnetic induction is a process in which a magnetic material is magnetized through an externally applied magnetic field. Induction is a magnetism acquired by the material. An external applied field (H) introduces magnetic properties in magnetic permeable material, say an iron bar. Iron itself does not have a magnetic field, because the atoms are randomly arranged. In an external field, the atoms of the bar align themselves in a north–south direction, producing magnetic dipoles. The bar acquires an induced magnetism till a ‘saturation’ point is reached. The magnetized material produces its own induced magnetic field and the material as a whole behaves like a dipole magnet. The induced magnetic field (H*) is directly proportional to the applied magnetic field strength (H).
Introduction to Nanosensors
Published in Vinod Kumar Khanna, Nanosensors, 2021
Magnetic energy is the energy associated with magnets. A magnet is a piece of iron, steel, alloy, ore, etc., showing the property of attracting iron or similar materials called magnetic materials. Magnetic field is the region surrounding a magnetic pole, in which the magnetic force due to it is perceived. A magnetic pole is each of the two regions of a magnet from which the magnetic force appears to originate. The strength and direction of the magnetic field (H) is expressed in terms of the magnetic flux density or magnetic induction, symbol (B) defined as the magnetic flux per unit area of a magnetic field perpendicular to the magnetic force. Flux is a measure of the quantity of magnetism, taking into account the strength and extent of the magnetic field. Magnetic permeability is the ratio of magnetic flux density to the magnetizing field.
Direct Current (dc) Electronics
Published in Dale R. Patrick, Stephen W. Fardo, Electricity and Electronics Fundamentals, 2020
Dale R. Patrick, Stephen W. Fardo
Magnetism has been studied for many years. Some metals in their natural state attract small pieces of iron. This property is called magnetism. Materials that have this ability are called natural magnets. The first magnets used were called lodestones. Now, artificial magnets are made in many different strengths, sizes, and shapes. Magnetism is important because it is used in electric motors, generators, transformers, relays, and many other electrical devices. The earth itself has a magnetic field like a large magnet.
On the temperature analysis of magnetic abrasive finishing of aluminum 6060 using finite element method
Published in Machining Science and Technology, 2020
Rajneesh Kumar Singh, Swati Gangwar, D. K. Singh
The next step is to assign the boundary condition of the magnetic flux density analysis and flux parallel applied on surface of the Air pocket. The magnetic field generated by applying current to the coils of electromagnet. The density of magnetic flux depends on the current magnitude and number of turns in coil. Load in the form of current (A) is applied on the electromagnetic tool coil for the simulation of magnetic flux distribution. Value of current (3 A–6 A) fed to the magneto-static 3D model for different trial conditions from Table 2. Number of turns of coil and surface area are remained constant as charge density of current depend on them. Figure 6 shows simulated distribution of magnetic flux density in 3D physical model of electromagnet. Distribution of magnetic flux is predominant in the electromagnetic core and FMAB. At the same time, the distribution of magnetic flux is negligible in coil and workpiece as they are non-magnetic material.
Beyond geometric complexity: a critical review of complexity theory and how it relates to architecture engineering and construction
Published in Architectural Science Review, 2019
Evangelos Pantazis, David Jason Gerber
There have been terms for complexity in everyday language since the antiquity, however, the idea of treating it as a coherent scientific concept is quite new (Wolfram 2002). The multiplicity of definitions of complexity is an impediment in developing a clear understanding and indicates a lack of a unifying framework. In fact, many complexity definitions researched in this paper represent variations of a few underlying schemes (Crutchfield 1994; Feldman and Crutchfield 1998). As a historical analog to the problem of defining and measuring complexity is the problem of describing electromagnetism before Maxwell’s equations. In the context of electromagnetism, quantities such as electric and magnetic forces that arose in different experimental contexts were originally considered as fundamentally different (Lloyd 2001). It is now common sense that electricity and magnetism are in fact closely related aspects of the same fundamental quantity, the electromagnetic field. Similarly, researchers in biology, computer science and engineering have been faced with issues of complexity but due to the prevailing concept of reductionism, they have considered them within the bounds of their own discipline. Providing a general overview (taxonomy) of complexity and its implications for architectural design is considered necessary for being able to handle the increasing complexity of AEC.
Studies on the nature of salicyl hydroxamate adsorption at the surface of neodymium oxide
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2019
Marc Sime, Avimanyu Das, Greer Galt, Gregory Hope, Courtney Young
Rare earth elements have become crucial in today’s technologically advancing world. From making powerful permanent magnets useful in motors, generators, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), etc., to being critical in miniaturizing electronics. They are useful in their oxidized (such as rare earth oxides) as well as in their metallic forms. Their ores usually contain more than one rare earth ion and several counter ions, among which oxides, carbonates, fluorides and phosphates are the most common. Table 1 shows a list of rare earth minerals and the counter ions to the rare earth minerals involved. This is a fundamental study where we aimed at understanding the adsorption mechanism on rare earth oxides, neodymium oxide, in particular.