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Vehicle Controllers and Communication
Published in Iqbal Husain, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, 2021
There are five basic types of memory: RAM, ROM, EPROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) and flash memory. A RAM has the capability to both read and write so that the stored information can be retrieved (read) and new information can be stored (write). This type of memory is typically of static type, which means that the memory contents are lost once the microcontroller is powered down. The ROM allows data to be read from, but do not allow writing into the memory. ROM is a non-volatile memory that retains its contents even after power is removed. ROM is used for storing the user code that does not change during execution of the software instructions. The EPROM devices allow the user to apply ultraviolet ray to erase the contents of the memory and reprogram it. EPROMs are generally used during the development stage when the user’s code often changes. The EEPROM is a type of ROM whose contents can be erased electrically and reprogrammed. Flash memory is the latest type of non-volatile memory similar to an EEPROM. Once programmed, the contents of the flash memory remain intact until an erase cycle is initiated through software, and the device has not been powered down. The contents of flash memory can be erased electrically.
Memory-Related Macros
Published in Murat Uzam, PIC16F1847 Microcontroller-Based Programmable Logic Controller, 2020
There are three basic memory types used in computers, PLCs, microcontrollers, etc., namely flash memory, SRAM, and EEPROM. Flash memory is an electronic (solid-state) non-volatile storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. In PLCs, flash memory is mainly used to store programs. They can also be used to store constants. SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) uses flip-flop circuitry to store each bit, but it is still volatile memory as it will lose its contents when power is lost. PLCs use this memory for running the central CPU. SRAM is used to store variables. EEPROM (Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) is a type of non-volatile memory used to store relatively small amounts of data but allowing individual bytes to be erased and reprogrammed.
Memory Organisation
Published in Pranabananda Chakraborty, Computer Organisation and Architecture, 2020
While similar in many respects, there are also substantial differences between the flash and EEPROM devices. In EEPROM, it is possible to read and write the contents of a single cell (1 byte). In a flash device, it is possible to read the contents of a single cell, but it is only possible to write an entire block of cells. Consequently, flash memory works much faster than traditional EEPROMs due to writing data in an entire block of cells, usually 512 bytes in size, instead of 1 byte at a time. Of course, prior to writing, it copies the contents of the entire targeted field into an off-chip buffer memory, erasing the field, modifying the data in the buffer as required, and re-writing the contents of the buffer into the same field. To accomplish all these, it requires considerable computer support. However, PC-based EEPROM flash memory systems are often equipped with their own dedicated micro-processor system to carry out all these tasks. Flash devices, however, have a greater density, which leads to higher capacity, and consequently a lower cost per bit. They require single power supply voltage, and consume relatively less power during their operation. Flash drive is more or less a miniaturized version of this flash memory.
Sensor integration for real-time data acquisition in aerial surveillance
Published in Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 2022
Wahyu Rahmaniar, Ardhi Wicaksono Santoso
Table 1 summarises pin connections on FSR, rotors, servo motors, an XBee module, ultrasonic sensors and GPS to the main board. This is shown in (APM 2.5 and Arduflyer V2.5 2013) which includes the ATmega 2560 AVR microcontroller (Atmel 2012) as a processor. ATmega 2560 is a low-power microchip 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller that combines 256KB ISP flash memory, 8KB SRAM and 4KB EEPROM. ATmega 2560 has 86 general purpose I/O lines, 14 pins pulse-width modulations (PWM), 16-channel 10-bit ADC, 4-channel UART/USART, 32 general purpose registers, real-time counters, 6 flexible timer/counters, 2-wire serial interfaces and the JTAG interface for on-chip debugging. The processor sends information about thrust, revolutions per minute (RPM) and direction to the rotor through ESC.
Transmission Line Protection Using High-Speed Decision Tree and Artificial Neural Network: A Hardware Co-simulation Approach
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2022
Amr Ahmed Fayyad, Amal Farouk Abdel-Gawad, Ahmed Mahmoud Alenany, Saber Mohamed Saleh
The proposed system assumes three modules based on wavelet transform, backpropagation ANN (BPANN) and DT that classifies all ten types of the faults, recognizes fault zone as well as estimates the location of faults. All modules are simulated in Simulink running on a host PC. Each module is integrated simultaneously with a cost-effective, accurate, fast, reliable, and flexible Arduino Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller for interesting co-simulation Figure 10. Arduino is a high-performance prototyping platform for open-source electronics built on easy-to-use modular hardware and software that costs a few dollars. This is what stimulated its use for the integration with MATLAB/Simulink proposed models. The Arduino board operates at 1.8 V to 5.5 V, it has an ATmega328P microcontroller reducing power consumption, 32 KB of flash memory for storing programs (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader), 2 KB of SRAM, 1 KB of EEPROM for storing parameters, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator allows faster program execution (i.e. at the realization time taken to toggle a digital output pin and provide the relay output in real-time is around 200 nanoseconds), a USB connector, 14 digital input/output pins of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs, 6 analog I/O pins, ATmega16U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip, and RX and TX LEDs (flashes when data is being transmitted). Arduino is programmed with the Arduino software IDE (Integrated Development Environment) and interfaced with MATLAB-by-MATLAB Support Package software for Arduino and a type B USB cable.
Building memory devices from biocomposite electronic materials
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2020
Xuechao Xing, Meng Chen, Yue Gong, Ziyu Lv, Su-Ting Han, Ye Zhou
The common feature of non-volatile memory is that the stored data will be retained even when the system power is off. Flash memory has been got a lot of interest due to higher chip density, multi-bit per cell storage properties and compatibility with the current complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. On the other hand, the manufacturing cost of flash memory is much lower than that of EEPROM because byte-erasable EEPROM requires more area than block-erasable flash memory. Therefore, flash memory becomes most important and most widely adopted technology for non-volatile solid-state storage. According to the McClean Report, the flash memory occupied more than 40% market of the MOS memory IC market. Flash-memory-based on transistor structure can be further classified into two types-floating gate flash memory and charge-trapping flash memory [74].