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Analog and Digital Automatic Controls
Published in Samuel C. Sugarman, Testing and Balancing HVAC Air and Water Systems, 2020
HVAC controls receive and transmit signals; they can be either analog or digital. The difference in the two signals is this; data (or signals) that are represented in a continuous form are analog while digital data have discrete values or the presence or absence of signals. Traditionally, HVAC control systems have mostly used analog proportional components, that is, controls that operate on or generate time-continuous outputs. However, this has changed over the last several decades. Currently, digital (proportional plus integral) technology is better at maintaining conditions in HVAC operating systems as closely as possible to desired values, despite changes in the operating environment. Control systems now use an integration of analog and digital signals.
Data Definition, Data Types, and Control Requirements
Published in Jon M. Quigley, Kim L. Robertson, Configuration Management, 2019
Jon M. Quigley, Kim L. Robertson
MIL-HDBK-612 echoes this definition in Section 9.1: In this age of rapidly developing information technology, data management and particularly the management of digital data is an essential prerequisite to the performance of configuration management. Digital data is information prepared by electronic means and made available to users by electronic data access, interchange, transfer, or on electronic/magnetic media. There is virtually no data today, short of handwritten notes that do not fall into this category. Configuration management of data is therefore part of data management activity; and management of the configuration of a product configuration cannot be accomplished without it.
Data collection and conversion
Published in Catherine Dawson, A–Z of Digital Research Methods, 2019
How do you intend to keep stored data or data in transit safe from hackers, unauthorised access or misuse? This can involve data encryption and decryption (translating data into a cipher, ciphertext or code so that information cannot be understood by unauthorised people, and translating data back to their original form when required). Encryption is used to protect private or sensitive digital data.
Low-cost radon monitoring with validation by a reference instrument
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2023
Mbarndouka Taamté Jacob, Koyang François, Gondji Dieu Souffit, Oumar Bobbo Modibo, Hamadou Yerima Abba, Kountchou Noubé Michaux, Shinji Tokonami
The wireless survey meter, locally developed for ionizing radiation detection, was obtained by improving the first survey meter initially proposed in our laboratory.[23] It is composed of an Atmega 328 P microcontroller, a DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor, and a Geiger-Müller tube recovered from an existing device. The device has also an analog signal shaping circuit, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a secure digital (SD) storage medium for digital data, a real time clock (RTC) module, and XBee modules for the transmission of data from the measuring device to a PC for real-time monitoring of the measurements. Thus, the developed device is portable nuclear instrumentation for measuring gamma ionizing radiation. It is an innovative survey meter, useful for radiation protection purpose which integrates IoT technology, allowing the transfer of data by virtual link and the protection of operators against the direct exposure to ionizing radiation during measurement. The block diagram of the developed device is shown in Figure 1.
File Semantic Aware Primary Storage Deduplication System
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Amdewar Godavari, Chapram Sudhakar, T. Ramesh
With the arrival of Big Data, Cloud Computing, Internet Of Things and Social networks digital data is increasing in size exponentially. Hence, the storage requirement is also increasing. International Data Corporation [1] has conducted the study and found that the data size will cross 144 ZB by 2025 and out of which 75% is duplicated data. It results in inefficient utilization of storage space. To alleviate duplicate data and to improve storage space efficiency, data deduplication is found to be a very effective method. In a deduplication system, incoming data is partitioned into fixed-size chunks or variable-sized chunks. Next, MD-5 or SHA-1 hashing algorithms are applied to the content of the chunks to compute fingerprints. To avoid duplicate data storage, the computed fingerprint is searched in the index table. Based on this, a decision, either data should be stored or eliminated, is taken. Recently, a lot of research is being done on primary storage deduplication systems.
Assessment of the loaded squat jump and countermovement jump exercises with a linear velocity transducer: which velocity variable provides the highest reliability?
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2021
Alejandro Pérez-Castilla, Pedro Jiménez-Reyes, Guy Gregory Haff, Amador García-Ramos
Height (Seca 202, Seca Ltd., Hamburg, Germany) and body mass (Tanita BC 418 segmental, Tokyo, Japan) were assessed in the first familiarisation session. A Smith Machine (Technogym, Barcelona, Spain) coupled with a linear velocity transducer (T-Force System; Ergotech, Murcia, Spain) which directly sampled movement velocity with a frequency of 1,000 Hz was used in all testing sessions. This system consists of a linear velocity transducer interfaced to a personal computer using a 14-bit analogue-to-digital data acquisition board and custom software. A fourth-order low-pass Butterworth filter with a cut-off frequency of 10 Hz was applied to the raw data. Validity and reliability of this data collection system has been reported elsewhere (Sánchez-Medina & González-Badillo, 2011). Three velocity variables were calculated in the present study (Figure 1):