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Importing data
Published in Rafael A. Irizarry, Introduction to Data Science, 2019
To understand the difference between these, remember that everything on a computer needs to eventually be converted to 0s and 1s. ASCII is an encoding that maps characters to numbers. ASCII uses 7 bits (0s and 1s) which results in 27 = 128 unique items, enough to encode all the characters on an English language keyboard. However, other languages use characters not included in this encoding. For example, the é in México is not encoded by ASCII. For this reason, a new encoding, using more than 7 bits, was defined: Unicode. When using Unicode, one can chose between 8, 16, and 32 bits abbreviated UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32 respectively. RStudio actually defaults to UTF-8 encoding.
Data Types and Data Storage
Published in Julio Sanchez, Maria P. Canton, Microcontroller Programming, 2018
Julio Sanchez, Maria P. Canton
ASCII is a character encoding based on the English alphabet. ASCII was first published as a standard in 1967 and was last updated in 1986. The first 33 codes, referred to as non-printing codes, are mostly obsolete control characters. The remaining 95 printable characters (starting with the space character) include the common characters found in a standard keyboard, the decimal digits, and the upper- and lower-case characters of the English alphabet. Table 3.1 lists the ASCII characters in decimal, hexadecimal, and binary.
XML-Based Tools and Processes
Published in Cliff Wootton, Developing Quality Metadata, 2009
Numeric character references contain the ‘#’ character followed by a value instead of a name. The value can be a decimal value or a hexadecimal equivalent with a preceding ‘x’ character. This value is the code point within the Unicode character set. This provides a way to describe characters that would be impossible to type. It gives access to the full range of international symbols that include Arabic, Chinese, and Japanese, etc. We can use this in place of names if we want to.
Extending brain-computer interface access with a multilingual language model in the P300 speller
Published in Brain-Computer Interfaces, 2022
P Loizidou, E Rios, A Marttini, O Keluo-Udeke, J Soetedjo, J Belay, K Perifanos, N Pouratian, W Speier
While significant work has been done on incorporating language information, systems using non-English languages remain limited. Non-English P300 spellers include Chinese [14], Japanese [15], Sinhala, Tamil [16], German [17–19], and Spanish although only the latter makes use of language models [8]. Similarly, eye-tracker technology has made use of a Hindi virtual keyboard for patients who have partially lost movement ability [20]. When adapting an English system for non-English speaking users there are added difficulties such as character encoding. Most software systems use the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) which maps seven-bit numbers to common characters [21]. The ASCII encoding has mappings for all English characters but does not cover characters for most non-English languages. Another potential complication is the addition of diacritical marks in languages such as Spanish. These marks modify the characters in a language and can be important cues for the correct pronunciation of a word and can modify a word’s meaning. In addition, characters in languages such as Greek or Arabic can change form based on the surrounding context. Models of language need to be able to accommodate these features if they are going to be effectively used for typing non-English text.
Adaptive synchronisation of memristor-based neural networks with leakage delays and applications in chaotic masking secure communication
Published in International Journal of Systems Science, 2018
ASCII (short for American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is a character encoding standard. ASCII codes represent text in telecommunication equipments, computers, execution routine and other devices. ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into 7-bit integers.