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Semiconductor Devices
Published in Dale R. Patrick, Stephen W. Fardo, Electricity and Electronics Fundamentals, 2020
Dale R. Patrick, Stephen W. Fardo
Current carriers passing through the channel of a JFET are controlled by the amount of bias voltage applied to the gate. In normal circuit operation, the gate is reverse biased with respect to the source. Reverse biasing of the gate-source of any P-N junction will increase the size of its depletion region. In effect, this will restrict or deplete the number of majority carriers that can pass through the channel. This means that drain current (ID) is controlled by the value of VGS. If VGS becomes great enough, no ID will be permitted to flow through the channel. The voltage that causes this condition is called the cutoff voltage. ID can be controlled anywhere between full conduction and cutoff by a small change in gate voltage.
Terminology
Published in France Lasnier, Tony Gan Ang, Photovoltaic Engineering Handbook, 2017
Cut-off voltage The cell or battery voltage at which discharge is terminated. The cut-off voltage is specified by the cell manufacturer and is generally a function of discharge rate. Discharge beyond the specified cut-off voltage usually results in increasingly rapid decreases in cell voltage and energy output, it may permanently damage the cell and it may void a manufacturer’s warranty. (Also called final voltage.)
Experimental investigation on cenosphere-based paper battery and electrochemical battery
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Madhura R. Rewatkar, Diwakar Z. Shende
The present work is aimed at investigation in exploring low-cost materials to develop the PB and EC. The study is based on experimental observations and findings presented in sections, starting with the introduction of cenosphere and its application in developing the battery, and the electro-less plating technique to coat cenosphere particles. Further, the study gives the insight of methods and experimental procedure applied to develop batteries using the metal-coated cenosphere. A discharge curve is used as the performance evaluation parameter for the developed batteries (Hua and Zong-Wei Syue 2010). A discharge voltage or sometimes known as cutoff voltage is commonly taken as 80% of maximum voltage value of a battery. The developed batteries were connected to a load resistance of value 1 kilo-ohm. Discharge voltage of the battery was recorded against time using multimeter to obtain the discharge curve. Other performance evaluation parameters included maximum OCV obtained, temperature operating range, weight and shelf-life of the battery. The discussion includes the factors affecting the OCV of the developed battery and the future scope to conceive the idea of battery using metal-ion-coated cenosphere. Although convincing results were not obtained for PB; EC yielded some appreciable results. These batteries possess features such as low-cost, low weight, no heavy metal usage, high-temperature sustainability and low safety risks. With further improvisation, these batteries can prove to be an eco-friendly solution for future energy source.
Electric vehicle energy consumption estimation for a fleet management system
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 2021
Abbas Fotouhi, Neda Shateri, Dina Shona Laila, Daniel J. Auger
Available battery power is derived by considering the maximum current and voltage drop before hitting the cutoff voltage. Eventually, the tractive force () is updated based on the available torque where is the efficiency of the electric motor (that is assumed to be constant), is the efficiency of the gearbox, is the radius of the wheel, while gear ratio is shown as G.