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Batteries
Published in Larry E. Erickson, Gary Brase, Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Improving Air Quality, 2019
All batteries contain both a positive cathode and a negative anode. Currently, the leading two types of batteries are nickel metal hydride (NiMH) and lithium-ion (Li-Ion). NiMH batteries use Ni(OH)2 in the positive electrode and metal hydride in the negative electrode, while Li-Ion batteries use a metal oxide containing lithium in the positive electrode and graphite in the negative electrode (Young, et.al, 2013). The US Department of Energy (2017) describes NiMH batteries as having been successfully used because they are safe, are capable of handling rough conditions, have a substantial life span, and have acceptable specific energy and specific power (specific energy is how many kilowatt hours [kWh] can be stored per kilogram of mass, whereas specific power is the maximum kilowatts per kilogram a battery can deliver [Young et. al, 2013]). However, a few drawbacks of NiMH batteries are that they are expensive, generate heat, have high self-discharge, and lose hydrogen. Li-Ion batteries are now emerging as serious competitors to NiMH batteries due to their decreasing costs, increasing reliability, and good life span. One way to measure battery cost is the cost per kWh of energy. One goal is to lower the cost to $100/kWh to be more competitive with the purchase price of current combustion engine vehicles (Chediak, 2017). It is projected that this goal is attainable, likely with Li-Ion batteries, by 2020 (Chediak, 2017; McMahon, 2018; Morris, 2018).
Electricity storage
Published in Sven Ruin, Göran Sidén, Small-Scale Renewable Energy Systems, 2019
Nickel metal-hydride (NiMH) batteries (Fig. 3.5) are often considered as being relatively safe, and might therefore be treated as non-dangerous goods during transport. However, when there is much stored energy, there is always a possibility for fire or a battery melting. They must still be protected from short-circuiting and protected from movement that could lead to short-circuiting. Traditionally, NiMH batteries have been known for a high self-discharge. However, low self-discharge NiMH batteries are nowadays available. Modern NiMH batteries also have no memory effect to an extent that that will be noticed. There appears to be a myth that NiMH batteries need to be fully discharged before recharging them. However, some are very sensitive to overcharging and should therefore not be constantly “trickle charged.” Recently, researchers have found that the life of NiMH batteries can be multiplied by re-conditioning them with oxygen [9].
Recovery of Critical and Rare Earth Elements from Spent Batteries
Published in Abhilash, Ata Akcil, Critical and Rare Earth Elements, 2019
Chunwei Liu, Hongbin Cao, Yi Zhang, Zhi Sun
NiMH rechargeable batteries were launched in the market in 1991. During the last decade, the use of NiMH batteries has spread quickly for consumer applications, mainly for portable electronic equipment [99]. The main parts of a NiMH battery are cathode, anode, electrolyte, separator, and the steel case. The cathode is made of nickel coated with Ni hydroxide, whereas the anode is composed of a hydrogen storage alloy based on REEs (mainly La, Ce, Pr, Nd, and Sm) and Ni-contained substituents. The typical electrolyte is a potassium solution [100,101]. Similar to the valorization of spent LIBs, recycling of spent NiMH batteries is also classified into hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical paths, depending on the processing procedure.
Electric Vehicle Advancements, Barriers, and Potential: A Comprehensive Review
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2023
Alperen Mustafa Çolak, Erdal Irmak
One of the advantages of NiMH batteries is their relatively low cost compared to lithium-ion batteries. This has made them a popular choice for HEVs and some PHEVs [112,113]. They are also less prone to thermal runaway and do not require sophisticated battery management systems, which further reduces costs. However, NiMH batteries have some limitations [10,114,115]: they have lower energy density than lithium-ion batteries, which means they can store less energy per unit of weight and volume. This results in a shorter range for EVs that use NiMH batteries. In addition, NiMH batteries have a shorter cycle life and are more sensitive to temperature than lithium-ion batteries. This means they degrade faster when exposed to high temperatures and require more frequent replacement.
Recovery and Recycling of Cerium from Primary and Secondary Resources- a Critical Review
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2020
Rechargeable, high-powered nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries are widely used as power sources for electrical and electronic devices such as digital cameras, cell phones and electric vehicles (EVs). The NiMH battery consists of cathode, anode, electrolyte, separator and the steel case. The cathode is made of nickel coated with nickel hydroxide whereas the anode consists of a hydrogen storage alloy based on mischmetal (mainly cerium, lanthanum, praseodymium, and neodymium) and nickel including substituent (Muller and Friedrich 2006; Aly et al. 2012). Spent nickel-metal hydride batteries contain 36–42% nickel, 3–4% cobalt and 8–10% mischmetal consisting of lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium (Muller and Friedrich, 2006; Alonso et al. 2015; Meshram et al. 2017). NiMH batteries are recycled via various pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes. Hydrometallurgical processes are generally used for the complete recovery of metals from NiMH batteries due to its low energy requirements and low greenhouse gas emissions.
Advanced Review on Extraction of Nickel from Primary and Secondary Sources
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2019
Pratima Meshram, Banshi Dhar Pandey
Nickel metal hydride batteries developed in 1989 and commercialized primarily in Japan in 1990 have largely been replacing NiCd batteries over the years. Besides high electrochemical capacity, safety and good environmental compatibility, NiMH batteries are efficient in a wide range of temperatures (−20 to 60◦C), and possess long lives (500–1000 cycles) and low self-discharge rates. The positive electrode is a porous nickel coated with nickel oxy-hydroxide whilst the anode is made of a hydrogen storage alloy based on mischmetal (mainly Ce, La, Pr, and Nd) on a metal-mesh substrate. An inert insulating layer made of polypropylene or polyamide separates the two electrodes and KOH is used as electrolyte. Their working is based on the anodic and cathodic reactions (Eqs.17–18):