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Machine Learning Frameworks and Device Engineering
Published in Chandrasekar Vuppalapati, Democratization of Artificial Intelligence for the Future of Humanity, 2021
The recommended operating temperature range for alkaline batteries is -18°C to 55°C. However, it is important to keep in mind that battery performance is still impacted by temperature within the recommended range. Performance of the battery is primarily dependent on how fast critical fuels, water and hydroxyl ions, can move and react in the battery. The mobility of ions is known as diffusion. For example: maximum batteryperformance will not be achieved at cold temperatures. As the temperature decreases, the diffusion of the fuels will decrease resulting in lower performance. Batteries will discharge more efficiently as the operating temperature is increased due to increase diffusion of the fuels. As the temperature is decreased, performance decreases accordingly. The lower temperature limit is determined in part by the temperature at which the electrolyte freezes. The Alkaline-Manganese Dioxide cell can operate attemperatures as low as -20°C, however this performance will be significantly lower in cold temperatures and their subsequent slowing of the chemical kinetics reactions impact Ohe internal resretance Ri.) of the cell. High drainage rates in cold environments will cause a large voltage drop due to the higher battery Ri.
Sizing Energy Storage Systems
Published in Mario Alejandro Rosato, Small Wind Turbines for Electricity and Irrigation, 2018
We will not analyze the peculiarities of lithium batteries in this book, because at the present date (2017) their cost is too high for applications requiring big storage size. The price of lithium batteries may fall in the future because of scale economies induced by the car manufacturing industry, but for small wind power systems the only current alternatives for designing an off-grid energy storage are two: stationary lead-acid batteries and alkaline Ni–Fe and Ni–Cd batteries. Lead-acid batteries are in general cheaper and widely available, but their useful life depends strongly on the discharge depth. Hence, they need to be replaced periodically, every four to five years for daily cycles shallower than 60% of the rated capacity. Alkaline batteries are more expensive, but their useful life is almost independent of the discharge depth, in general more than 10,000 cycles, i.e., 27 years for daily cycles.
Electrochemical Energy
Published in Prasanth Raghavan, Fatima M. J. Jabeen, Polymer Electrolytes for Energy Storage Devices, 2021
P. P. Abhijith, N. S. Jishnu, Neethu T. M. Balakrishnan, Akhila Das, Jou-Hyeon Ahn, Jabeen Fatima M. J., Prasanth Raghavan
The alkaline-manganese battery, commonly known as an alkaline battery, which is an improved version of the zinc-carbon battery or Leclanché battery, was invented in 1949 by Lewis Urry, while working with the Eveready Battery Company laboratory in Ohio, USA. Alkaline batteries deliver an output voltage of 1.5 V, delivering more energy at higher load currents than zinc-carbon batteries, as well as having little self-discharge. Alkaline batteries do not leak electrolyte when depleted, as the old zinc-carbon ones do, but it is not totally leak-proof. Furthermore, a regular household alkaline battery provides about 40% more energy than the average Li+-ion battery, but an alkaline battery is not as strong as a Li+-ion battery on loading.
Combined hydrometallurgical route for recovery of metals from spent LIB using hydrochloric acid and phosphonium ionic liquid
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 2023
Archita Mohanty, Barsha Marandi, Niharbala Devi
Due to an increase in the production of steel, the demand for manganese has greatly increased (Xin et al. 2011). Manganese is the fourth most traded metal and its principal metallurgical applications have no suitable substitute. Manganese is a strategic element since it is heavily utilised in many industries including the production of steel and dyes (Gupta et al. 2002). Manganese oxides are also used as cathode materials in the production of zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries (Cardarelli 2000). Manganese also has promising applications in the lithium-ion battery(LIB) sector (Asadi Dalini et al. 2021). Lithium-manganese spinels (such as LiMn2O4) and layered lithium-nickel-manganese–cobalt (NMC) type systems are vital for the development of modern rechargeable Li-ion batteries due to their cost-effectiveness and low environmental impact (Thackeray et al. 2018; Rouquette et al. 2023). Over the next ten years, it is expected that battery applications will rapidly boost manganese consumption, even if steel is expected to continue to dominate the demand for the metal. The primary driver of this expansion will be mostly the LIB sector, which is anticipated to grow from $60 billion in 2020 and reach $120 billion in 2025 (Vieceli et al. 2021; Benveniste et al. 2022; Tran et al. 2022). Generally, manganese ores are converted to electrolytic manganese dioxides by pyrometallurgical means which have major drawbacks such as high-temperature, high energy consumption and environmental impacts (Biswal et al. 2015).
Fabric based printed-distributed battery for wearable e-textiles: a review
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2021
Adnan E. Ali, Varun Jeoti, Goran M. Stojanović
Alkaline chemistries are the predominant primary batteries which drives its energy from the zinc metal and manganese dioxide chemical reactions. In the basic environment, these batteries have a pH of approximately 14. The basic electrolytes for these battery chemistries are potassium hydroxide, KOH or sodium hydroxide, and NaOH, and hence it is named as alkaline battery. The amount of hydroxide ion, OH− consumed or produced, during discharge, is equal. These batteries have characteristics of long discharge cycle life, long storage time, and leakage proof. The most commonly used alkaline batteries applied for smart textiles and wearables consists of the zinc-manganese dioxide, Zn-MnO2, and the monovalent silver oxide-zinc, Ag2O-Zn, batteries.
Processing of ferromanganese fumes into high-purity manganese sulphate monohydrate
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2020
Yeon Ho Lee, Jong Hyeok Kang, Sangyun Seo, Tam Tran, Myong Jun Kim
High purity manganese sulphate monohydrate, MSM (MnSO4.H2O) has found increasing use as a precursor for the making of electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) used in alkaline batteries. MSM is also a major component in the making of Ni-Co-Mn-Li oxide cathode materials of Li-ion battery. Resources of manganese are generally from ores, ocean nodules, or secondary materials containing pyrolusite/MnO2 or rhodochrosite/MnCO3 minerals (Liu et al. 2019) mixed with other minerals of iron, base metals, and clay containing Ca, Mg, Al, and Si, etc. Another source of manganese also comes from fumes generated from smelters and electric arc furnaces making ferro-manganese (FeMn) alloys used in specialty steel making (Gaal, Tangstad, and Ravary 2010).