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Energy Efficiency and Resource Management in IoT
Published in Monika Mangla, Ashok Kumar, Vaishali Mehta, Megha Bhushan, Sachi Nandan Mohanty, Real-Life Applications of the Internet of Things, 2022
Bhanu Priyanka Valluri, Amandeep Sharma
Bluetooth (BLE) is a short-range remote correspondence innovation that permits information transmission utilizing shorter radio frequencies. BLE is affordable to convey with a particular scope of 0 to 30 meters, empowering a quicker close to home field arrangement [54]. BLE targets little scope IoT applications that expect gadgets to transmit little forms of low-power information. Vitality part businesses with a very much structured IoT procedure can utilize this innovation for various types of correspondences. BLE is broadly utilized in vitality use in the vitality division, private, and business structures. For instance, the creators depict a keen office vitality the board framework, which diminishes the force utilization of PCs, screens, and lights utilizing BLE. Another investigation proposes a vitality the board framework for brilliant homes that utilization BLE for correspondence between family unit apparatuses with the objective of lessening vitality in homes [7]. Similarly, a fluff-based answer for keen vitality the board has been presented in home computerization, utilizing BLE research planned for improving home vitality the executives arranging.
Emerging Technologies and Associated Terminologies
Published in Amalendu Chatterjee, Autonomous and Integrated Parking and Transportation Services, 2019
BLE is the smarter, more intelligent and low energy version of the traditional Bluetooth operating in the unlicensed frequency band of 2.4 GHz. Original Bluetooth transmits packet using one of seventy-nine channels in the frequency band but BLE uses only forty channels with 2 MHz spacing instead of 1 MHz spacing. Technologically or commercially, it is used to connect all personal devices configured in a personal area network (PAN). It is basically designed and used to enable all machines and devices to be interconnected via the Internet. BLE uses very low energy and can produce over 1 mbps bandwidth for interconnection of many devices.22 Product and services developed with this technology cover a broad spectrum of applications such as health care, sensing and heart rate monitoring, sports, fitness, entertainment, smart watch, thermometers, and many other applications with potential in other future yet unknown fields. The battery life of BLE may depend on the hardware, range, and the intensity of use, generally ranging from one month to forty months. The parking industry could be one of future application of BLE, as an alternative to the current expensive street meters and garage access with gates. That is where smart vehicles and smartphones are heading.
Indoor positioning system based on improved Weighted K-nearest Neighbor
Published in Artde D.K.T. Lam, Stephen D. Prior, Siu-Tsen Shen, Sheng-Joue Young, Liang-Wen Ji, Smart Science, Design & Technology, 2019
Positioning technology has been widely discussed in recent years because the market of Location-Based Services (LBS) (Basiri et al. 2014) has grown from $8.12 billion in 2014 to $39.87 billion in 2019. Global Positioning System (GPS) (S. Sananmongkhonchai et al. 2009) is one of the positioning technologies that is widely used in various outdoor scenes, such as traffic navigation and logistics systems. In GPS, however, satellite signals can be greatly affected by buildings, and so it becomes impossible to use this technology indoors. Therefore, we must rely on indoor positioning technology. Indoor positioning uses short-range wireless communication technologies, such as WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) (Ohta et al. 2015), Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) (Memon et al. 2017), and other wireless communication technologies. Among these, WiFi positioning and BLE positioning are used by many people. Although WiFi transmission speed is faster, the power consumption and cost of WiFi positioning are higher than BLE positioning. BLE has low cost and low power consumption. BLE is a standard proposed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group, and it is applicable to Bluetooth version 4.0 or higher.
Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Review of Enabling Technologies, Architecture, and Challenges
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2018
Bhagya Nathali Silva, Murad Khan, Kijun Han
In order to be active for a longer duration, the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) was introduced, which operates over a short-range radio with lower power characteristics. The BLE is a promising technology in IoT, due to its ultra-low power consumption and lower latency compared to the classical Bluetooth. The BLE uses a client-and-server model where a client connects and accesses one or several servers. In this scenario, the data generators such as sensors and actuators act as the servers, while laptops, smartphones, and other application devices act as the clients. In order to achieve low power consumption, it keeps the radio turned off during idle periods. Similarly, it turned on the radio to send or receive smaller data packets.
Logistics sustainability practices: an IoT-enabled smart indoor parking system for industrial hazardous chemical vehicles
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2020
Zhiheng Zhao, Mengdi Zhang, Gangyan Xu, Dengyin Zhang, George Q. Huang
We use white and black BLE tags for tractor and trailer respectively. The reason for differentiating the tractor and trailer by color is for ease of recycling in the future. The BLE-beacon tag is Minew i3 tag which cost is around 5 US dollars each. Therefore, it is affordable for the logistics company to deploy all 66 IHCVs with BLE beacons on its tractor and trailer. The BLE beacon is installed at the cockpit before the windshield in the tractor. The trailer BLE beacon is fixed at end of the IHCV chassis. The BLE beacon is powered by 2 AA batteries which endurance is up to 3 years (depends on the broadcasting power and advertising interval). We set the broadcasting power of the BLE tags to + 4 dBm. In this case, the BLE tags are able to send signals up to 180 m (Gast 2014). The information of MAC address as the identifier for each beacon is printed as QR code on the surface. In this case, the paring work of BLE beacon and tractor/trailer can be finished by scanning the BLE beacon easily through smart phone. The collaborative company requires deployment as simple as possible. The power and network are supposed to deploy with minimum effort. The IoT gateway is ARM-based Raspberry Pi 3B, a power over ethernet (PoE) module is attached through GPIO pins. The PoE module allows to power the Raspberry Pi using PoE-enabled networks. Python scripts are designed and embedded inside the IoT gateways to scan and transmit the sensed data to cloud through network. The cost of the IoT gateway is around 80 US dollars. 20 IoT gateways are deployed in the indoor parking garage as shown in Figure 3. A cost-effective solution is proposed by our research team, the acceptable hardware budget facilitates the project to move forward.