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IoT-Based Smart Stick for the Blind
Published in Rashmi Gupta, Arun Kumar Rana, Sachin Dhawan, Korhan Cengiz, Advanced Sensing in Image Processing and IoT, 2022
Varsha Vimal Sood, Kartik Bansal, Nitish Agarwal
Arduino microcontrollers: Arduino is one of the most widely used open-source platform for electronics hardware and software prototyping. The important features are its flexibility and ease of use. As of now, there are a variety of Arduino boards using a range of microprocessors and controllers. These boards are equipped with digital and analog input/output pins, Universal Serial Bus (USB), linear regulator, and 16 MHz crystal oscillator, and programmed using the C and C++ programming languages. The most widely used Arduino board (Arduino Uno) is based on the ATmega328P microcontroller. In order to come up with an economically affordable stick, Barathi Kanna et al. [29] have proposed a smartphone application prototype equipped with an ESP8266 for the working-class visually impaired. The functioning of the development board is ensured using a power source and coin motors.
Build Your Own Arduino Board from Scratch
Published in Anudeep Juluru, Shriram K. Vasudevan, T. S. Murugesh, fied!, 2023
Anudeep Juluru, Shriram K. Vasudevan, T. S. Murugesh
ATmega328P is a single-chip 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller (shown in Figure 21.1) developed by Atmel (later acquired by Microchip). It is widely used in many Arduino boards like Arduino Uno, Arduino Nano, Arduino Pro Mini and many more. The Arduino Uno boards used in our projects are not useful for performing any computational operations without the ATmega328P microcontroller. It is the main computational component of an Arduino Uno board. The Arduino Uno board acts as a breakout board for easily programming and using the ATmega328P microcontroller. The pin configurations of the ATmega328P microcontroller and its mapping to the Arduino Uno pins are shown in Figure 21.2.
Arduino Hardware
Published in Amartya Mukherjee, Nilanjan Dey, Smart Computing with Open Source Platforms, 2019
Amartya Mukherjee, Nilanjan Dey
ATmega328p is an AVR family microcontroller that has an 8-bit device. It means it will be having 8-bit data bus and the internal register can handle 8-bit data parallel. The size of flash memory is 32 kB, and it is used for storing the applications. As it is nonvolatile in nature, the application persists even though we unplug the microcontroller. ATmega having 2 kB of SRAM can store the variables used in the application during runtime. It also has 1 kB of EEPROM that stores the data permanently. A block diagram of an AVR microcontroller is depicted in Figure 2.2.
Implementation of a Distributed Home Automation Scheme with Custom Hardware Nodes Using ZigBee and MQTT Protocols
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2021
A. Radhanand, K. N. B. Kumar, Swetha Namburu, P. Sampathkrishna Reddy
Passive infrared sensors are used to detect human intrusion detection. However, the detection accuracy using microwaves is much higher than infrared detection [14]. Microwaves have a doppler effect and can be used to accurately detect moving objects including non-humans. The sensor used for motion detection is the X-Band sensor which works at 10.525 GHz. The detection range is adjustable by a potentiometer on the sensor board and the line of sight range can be adjusted from 8 feet to 30 feet. Motion detection is indicated by sensor output through fixing a threshold for the oscillations. The microcontroller used is the ATmega328 with Arduino bootloader, working at 16 MHz. The board takes 230 V AC input and uses the LNK 306 IC to generate the 5 V required for the microcontroller supply. A triac on board with opto-isolation is used to drive an AC bulb to indicate intrusion detection. An XBee module provides the board with ZigBee capability and is configured as a router. The intrusion detector module schematic is shown in Figure 3.
A manhattan metric based perturb and observe maximum power point tracking algorithm for photovoltaic systems
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
An experimental setup consisting of a step-down (buck type) DC/DC converter and a control circuit was developed to verify the function and performance of the proposed MPPT algorithm. Arduino UNO was used to implement the algorithm and provide the PWM signal to the buck converter. Arduino UNO is an embedded development system that contains an ATmega328p microcontroller and a USB interface. ATmega328p houses 32kB flash memory to store firmware, 2kB of RAM, 1kB of EEPROM, six-channel 10-bit precision ADC, and dedicated PWM hardware with 62 kHz capability. The Block diagram of the experimental setup is depicted in Figure 7, while actual experimental arrangements are shown in Figure 8.
Low-cost 3D-printing system for the deposition of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) thin films by dip-coating with application for electrode fabrication
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2023
Arduino UNO is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328p. Due to its robust design, it is one of the most used options to begin in electronics and coding. The Arduino board has 14 digital input/output pins, 6 analog inputs, and a USB connection. Of the 14 digital pins, 6 may be used as the pulse width modulation (PWM) output. The board also has a 5 V and 3.3 V voltage supply for low current applications.