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Navigation systems and equipment
Published in Alexander Arnfinn Olsen, Core Principles of Maritime Navigation, 2023
The Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (ARPA) is a system which displays the position of the ship and all other vessels within a set proximity. The ARPA then selects the most appropriate course for the ship to avoid collision. The system constantly monitors the ship’s surroundings, automatically acquiring and deleting targets as they come into the ARPA’s range. ARPA has the added benefit of not only tracking other vessels, but is also capable of tracking smaller craft, stationary objects, and floating debris. ARPA represents these targets as vectors on the display screen and constantly updates their parameters with each turn of the antenna, calculating their nearest points of approach to the ship.
Maritime Automation
Published in Raja Parasuraman, Mustapha Mouloua, Automation and Human Performance: Theory and Applications, 2018
John D. Lee, Thomas F. Sanquist
ARPA operates by receiving radar data that specify the speed and direction of surrounding ships and land relative to the observing ship (the one on which the ARPA is mounted). If the speed and direction of the observing ship are known, then simple vector calculations can generate the true speed and direction (relative to the water) of the surrounding ships. The true motion vectors are critical for identifying the orientation, speed, and likely intentions of other ships, whereas the relative motion vectors are critical for identifying potential collision situations. Thus, inaccurate true motion vectors could mislead mariners by misrepresenting viable collision avoidance strategies.
Safety first: The risk of over-reliance on technology in navigation
Published in Journal of Transportation Safety & Security, 2022
Jianjun Wu, James Thorne-Large, Pengfei Zhang
This summarises the benefits of Radar for safe navigation. Radar is an autonomous detection equipment, tracking the target with high credibility. By detecting the movement of the target relative to the ship, the ARPA function is used to calculate the motion data to further judge the situation and collision risk of the ship. At the same time, the Radar image can comprehensively reflect the ship traffic situation in the navigation water area.It is important therefore that the Radar is set up and operating as effectively as possible. There are various settings that can be used and when deciding which ones are most suitable for the situation, several factors should be considered. The ideal outcome will be a Radar screen that has a lightly speckled background. If the Radar is not set up correctly then small vessels or other hazardous objects may not show up on the Radar- this is especially important during periods of low visibility and at night.
A causative analysis on ECDIS-related grounding accidents
Published in Ships and Offshore Structures, 2020
İdris Turna, Orkun Burak Öztürk
Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (ARPA) and Automatic Identification System (AIS) are the most used devices by officers to observation and tracking other ships around own vessels. The last functional requirements for ARPA devices were described in 2004 (IMO 2004). Shipborne ARPA installations have been mandatory by the 1974 SOLAS Convention from 2008. The main deficiencies of ARPA are the delay in tracking, mostly during manoeuvres, and the lack of target identification (Kazimierski and Stateczny 2013). AIS devices are designed to transmit the ship’s own data and receive information from other ships. The data include static information such as the name of the ship, call sign and IMO numbers, and dynamic information such as position, route and speed and destination. Recommendation on performance standards for AIS devices was defined in Annex 3 of MSC.74 (69), adopted in 1998 (IMO 1998).