China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Wireless sensor and actuator network: Self-healing and ad-hoc routing protocol with load balancing
Published in Shin-ya Nishizaki, Masayuki Numao, Jaime Caro, Merlin Teodosia Suarez, Theory and Practice of Computation, 2019
R.K. Medel, L.A. Payofelin, P.G. Tee, J.E. Valle, F.K. Flores
Lastly is the topology handling phase, where three types of packets also circulate in topology handling phase: hello packet, keepalive packet, and inactivity packet. Hello packets are used to identify the neighbors of the nodes and is broadcasted during the network startup. Keepalive packets are packets that guarantee the active state of the neighboring nodes by implementing acknowledgements. Inactivity packets are used to inform the adjacent nodes that a certain node is down. The topology handling phase handles the state of the topology, which includes detection of inactive updates, hello packets for new nodes, and keepalive packets for active connections. If a node receives an inactive update, its adjacency and routing tables are updated for the inactive node entry and this inactivity is also broadcasted to the other nodes within its radius. Broadcasts are only done once per node to prevent continuous broadcast updates. If hello packets are received, it signifies that there is a newly active node in the network; hence, the node is added to the adjacency and routing table of its neighbors. On the other hand, if keepalive packets are obtained, the keepalive timer of the source node is updated and a keepalive acknowledgement is sent to ensure that existing node connection is still active
*
Published in Richard Zurawski, Industrial Communication Technology Handbook, 2017
Under the assumption that either the client application or the server application uses timers to detect inactivity in order to close a connection, it is recommended to enable the KEEPALIVE option on both client and server connections in order to poll the other end to know its status.
Arrangement and Accomplishment of Interconnected Networks with Virtual Reality
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Throughout the sake of this example, people enter the VE at a pace of one every second once the robots have been deployed. During the length of this trial, how both robots and humans are passive. As a result, this situation covers the “silent state,” in which the main communication is staying signals sent regularly by customers and the robots. In this situation, all PDUs are Entities Status PDUs. The multiplex bandwidth is seen in Figure 8. The bandwidth is shown as a percentage of the total amount of PDU inputs. The black line depicts the bandwidth in the theoretical situation where all suppliers continuously send 1 ESPDU/s.Essentially, bandwidth in the silent phase is mostly determined by its keepalive duration or the likelihood of several inputs broadcasting at identical moments. Remain is fixed to 5 s for that example, but the maximum measured bandwidth is 6 ESPDU/s.